Tuesday, November 19, 2024

The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh


The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh


by M Jashim Ali Chowdhury, 18 November 2024
Idea International, Constitutionnet, Voices from the Field Report


After protests that led to the fall of an authoritarian government, Bangladesh’s current interim government has established ten reform commissions, including one on the constitution. The Constitution Reform Commission faces the daunting challenge of setting an agenda while navigating multiple dilemmas of mandate, inclusivity and sustainability. The country’s constitution has already experienced a rollercoaster ride through various amendments, and its ideological pillars—democracy, socialism, secularism, and nationalism—have been intensely contested. Further, the parliamentary structure of government has enabled a form of prime ministerial dictatorship, while the country’s political parties have remained non-democratic and temperamentally authoritarian, with little sign of willingness to evolve. How the Commission addresses these issues will be critical as Bangladesh faces another defining moment in its constitutional journey – writes M Jashim Ali Chowdhury


Quota reform protest in Bangladesh with a sign reading "Not quotas, merit!" 
(photo credit: Rayhan9d via Wikimedia Commons)


Introduction

Bangladesh’s constitutional journey has been a tumultuous one, marked by profound ideological shifts, political upheavals, and a series of amendments that have both shaped and distorted its foundational principles. Since gaining independence in 1971, the country has grappled with defining its constitutional identity amid extreme political contestation.

The 1972 Bangladesh Constitution — celebrated by some as ‘the best and most eloquent instance of . . . [the people’s] self-expression as a nation’ — adopted a Westminster parliamentary system. It was based on four foundational pillars of nationalism, secularism, democracy and socialism. However, in 1975, it was radically transformed into a national party-led presidential system, soon to be overthrown by a coup leading to military rule. Subsequent military regimes amended the constitution drastically, re-introducing multi-party politics but retaining the presidential system, removing references to socialism and secularism, and shifting from Bangalee nationalism—which emphasized the Bengali ethnic and linguistic identity—towards a Bangladeshi nationalism and Islamic values. In 1982, another military coup led to the reimposition of martial law. Though parliamentary democracy was restored in 1991, it failed to stabilize the political landscape due to mutual distrust among the ruling and opposition parties, suppression of intra-party dissent and parliamentary opposition, violent street agitation, election rigging, and back-door conspiracies for ascending or clinging to power, which eventually became the norm.

The introduction of a non-party caretaker government system in 1996 aimed to ensure fair elections. However, it was later manipulated and ultimately repealed in 2011, leading to legitimacy crises in subsequent elections marred by allegations of misconduct. In 2024, widespread protests—initially sparked by demands for reform of civil service quotas— culminated in the fall of the authoritarian Awami League (AL) government.

An “interim” government, endorsed by protest leaders, first established six reform commissions focusing on the judiciary, bureaucracy, police, electoral system, anti-corruption, and most prominently, the constitution. Later, the government formed four more reform commissions on health care, mass media, and labour and women’s rights. Among the ten commissions, the Constitutional Reform Commission faces the most significant dilemmas stemming from Bangladesh’s decades-long political contestation around constitutional ideals and design. Central to these challenges is the ongoing battle around the constitutional ideals of secularism, socialism, and nationalism, which have perpetuated divisions within society. The Commission must also find a workable and sustainable balance in the constitutional design that has often been blamed for giving rise to authoritarianism.


What Reforms are on the Table?
Bangladesh’s Constitution of 1972 was modelled on a UK-style parliamentary system combined with a US-style “strong form” of judicial review that allows the Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of legislation. The President acts as a ceremonial head of state bound by the Prime Minister’s advice. The Prime Minister, the leader of the majority party, is accountable to the parliament. However, a paradoxical provision—Article 70—forces MPs to vote strictly on the party line or lose their parliamentary seats. Though the framers of the Constitution defended it as a stabilising measure against the frequent fall of governments, the provision has allegedly taken partisan whipping to an extreme level, paving the way for a prime ministerial dictatorship. Though the judicial branch has been granted substantial independence in the Constitution, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh has been severely politicised, while the subordinate courts are controlled by the executive branch. The Election Commission and other integrity institutions have also been subordinated to the government.

During the civil service quota reform movement, the student protesters had no other reform agenda. Most of the reform demands were voiced by civil society groups calling for transparency, accountability and orderly transfer of powers during the AL regime’s sixteen-year-long rule. After the fall of the AL government on 5 August 2024, student protesters accelerated their push for constitutional reform. Alongside calls for adopting an entirely new constitution, there are proposals for reducing the prime minister’s powers and balancing them with those of the president, term limits for the prime minister, establishing a bicameral legislature, and even changing the parliamentary system to presidential.

Currently, AL, arguably the country’s largest political party, is not expected—and perhaps not welcome—to submit any proposal. The second of the Big Two—the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)—published a 31-point reform agenda in 2023, which resonates with issues such as depoliticizing appointments in the higher judiciary, election commission, and other accountability institutions; creating a bicameral legislature; introducing a two-term limit for the prime minister; restoring the election-time caretaker government; and reviving Bangladeshi nationalism. The Jamaat Islami (JI), the third-largest party and arguably the chief beneficiary of this regime change, has come out with its own 10-point reform proposal, including a shift to a proportional representation (PR) system rather than the current first-past-the-post (FPTP) system. It has been argued that the PR system may ensure fairer and more credible representation in the parliament and government, as the FPTP system often disproportionately benefits the Big Two—AL and BNP. Interestingly the JI has remained silent about the fate of the foundational pillars of the Constitution, particularly secularism.


"Parties being the chief constitutional actors, any constitutional reform that does not require the political parties to be internally democratic is likely to fall flat . . ."


The BNP and JI’s reform proposals are also silent on the daunting task of professionalizing the bureaucracy and making it accountable to the legislature. Another conspicuous omission in the conversation is internal reform within the political parties themselves. Parties being the chief constitutional actors, any constitutional reform that does not require the political parties to be internally democratic is likely to fall flat once the patriarchal party leaders take the reins of power in the future. In the past, Bangladeshi political parties have almost universally abused their constitutional amendment powers for their partisan and coterie interests.


The Dilemmas
The Constitution Reform Commission faces at least four major dilemmas. The first one is whether to reform the existing constitution or adopt a new one. As Professor Ngoc Son Bui outlines, arguments to replace a constitution may stem more from ideological inclination than a genuine need for structural realignment. Understandably, the student protest leaders' enthusiasm for replacing the 1972 Constitution appears to arise from their doubts about its foundational principles. If the student leaders’ zeal for constitutional replacement is acted upon, it will surely reopen the old wounds of the ideological battle. Despite the AL’s fall, there remains deep societal reverence for the liberation war and its ideals. Currently, there are no serious demands from the political parties to write a new constitution. Instead, opposition to the idea of constitutional replacement and the demand for transferring power to the people’s elected representatives are growing. It appears that the opportunity cost of making a new constitution could be higher than the protest leaders anticipate. Unchained from over 50 years of Bangladesh Supreme Court constitutional jurisprudence, a new constitution will risk further replacement, particularly if the AL comes back to power, which is not at all impossible. Opening the door to frequent constitutional replacements may make the foundation of constitutionalism shaky—particularly risky for societies as divided as Bangladesh.


"As seen in 1972, excluding the Islamist and conservative forces from the constitution-making process left a deep participation gap, undermining the constitution’s longer-term endurance."


The second challenge for the Commission centers on participation and inclusivity, again originating from the ousted AL regime and its huge social base. How can the Commission achieve a reform acceptable to all while simply ignoring the AL? As seen in 1972, excluding the Islamist and conservative forces from the constitution-making process left a deep participation gap, undermining the constitution’s longer-term endurance. Ironically, the same seems to be the case this time. A relatively pragmatic approach could be to show ‘an optimal level of constitutional deference’ to ideologically contested issues and focus on the 1972 Constitution's design flaws only. However, there are signs that the student leaders might not be interested in this. Therefore, the reform initiative carries a visible Achilles’ heel.

The third question for the Commission is how to materialise the reforms. There is a perception that the Commission’s eight members—primarily practicing lawyers and legal academics connected with a single Bangladeshi university, the University of Dhaka—and the chairperson, who is on deputation from a U.S. university, lack the representativeness needed to dictate something as significant as the constitution of a country. Considering that the 1972 Constitution was drafted and adopted by a democratically elected 469-member Constituent Assembly, a strong argument can be made that this reform commission does not have the democratic mandate to replace or amend it. It has been proposed that any constitutional reform or replacement in Bangladesh must be pursued through democratic and participatory processes such as a constituent assembly, elected parliament or referendum. Although the interim government has declared that it will take the Commission’s proposals to the political parties (excluding the AL and its allies) and consult them before finalising the reform packages, it is not clear when and how the reform will be executed. The BNP has demanded that the Commission simply prepare a set of recommendations and leave the reforms to an elected parliament. While this strategy might facilitate some sort of political compromise between the parties, the student protesters and the interim government do not seem to be very enthusiastic about this idea. Moreover, uncertainty persists over which political parties or coalitions may come to power through the next election and how the interim government would negotiate with them. The most uncertain is the tenure of the interim government and when the election would be held.

"[T]here are some legitimate questions looming around the interim government’s own commitment to the reforms that it advocates . . ."


Fourthly, there are some legitimate questions looming around the interim government’s own commitment to the reforms that it advocates. Pending the work and recommendations of the reform commissions on the judiciary, electoral system, anti-corruption, police, public administration, and mass media, the government has sent some acting Supreme Court judges into forced leave and appointed new ones seemingly for political reasons, constituted a Search Committee under an AL-made law for appointing a new Election Commission, dismissed trainee police officers in controversial ways, forced the entire public service commission and anti-corruption commission to resign and reconstituted those with individuals of its own choosing. The government’s decision to cancel the accreditation of around sixty journalists has drawn protest from international press freedom bodies. All these actions raise critical questions about the government’s sincerity regarding its reform commitments and could potentially shake the moral base of those reforms in future.

Conclusion

Bangladesh is one of the world’s busiest laboratories of constitutional experiments. Fifty-three years into its constitutional beginning, the country has seen different types of governments: parliamentary government with one-party dominance (1972-75), a one-party presidential government (1975), rule by several military governments (1975-90), several election-time non-party caretaker governments (1991, 1996 and 2001), several parliamentary governments in a competitive multi-party system (1991-96, 1996-2001, 2001-06, 2009-13), a military-backed government (2007-08), a long stretch of one-party monopoly (2009-24) and currently, an extra-constitutional “interim” government (2024). The seemingly never-ending cycle of political instability illustrates how difficult the burdens of the Constitutional Reform Commission are—both in terms of its mandate and the sustainability of its efforts. The Commission must navigate these historical wounds, balance its seemingly ominous reform agenda, and overcome the dilemmas if it is to forge a path toward a more stable and inclusive constitutional order. With the critical challenges identified above, only the future can answer what it brings and how it sustains.

M Jashim Ali Chowdhury PhD is Lecturer in Law at the University of Hull, United Kingdom.

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Suggested citation: M Jashim Ali Chowdhury, ‘The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh’, ConstitutionNet, International IDEA, 18 November 2024, https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/agenda-and-dilemmas-constitutional-reform-bangladesh

Friday, November 15, 2024

In defence of the original constitution

[In October and November 2024, Sifat Tasneem and I wrote a three-part series on Lawyer'sClub[dot]com calling the attempt to abrogate the 1972 Constitution suicidal. In the third part (2 November 2024), we specifically presented our arguments for constitutional stability and continuity. The English version of that part is published today (15 November 2024) on the editorial page of the Daily Observer newspaper. We welcome your interest in this issue.]

In defence of the original constitution

Dr M Jashim Ali Chowdhury & Sifat Tasnim*

Published in the Daily Observer. Friday, 15 November 2024


On the eve of its 52nd anniversary, Bangladesh's original Constitution faces an existential threat. Debate is intense whether we amend or abrogate it. Multifaceted arguments and narratives are being offered for its abolition and replacement. Given the context, it is very important that all sides of the debate are aired and heard with equal emphasise. In this piece, we argue that the idea of a new constitution will do more harm than good to the country. We have several reasons to do so.

First, the proponents of the "New Constitution" argue that no fundamental changes can be made by amending the current Constitution for some of its stumbling blocks - the basic structures. However, it is not abundantly clear which potential reforms would likely offend the basic structures of the 1972 Constitution, the prominent of which are democracy, judicial independence, separation of powers, rule of law, accountable governance, etc. It has been hypothetically argued that reforms like bicameral parliament and a federal- presidential system might be invalidated by the Supreme Court citing the unitary character of the original Constitution (Anwar Hossain Chowdhury v Bangladesh 1989 BLD (Spl) 1). While the uncertainty and fluidity around the Bangladesh Supreme Court's basic structure doctrine (BSD) is not unheard, reinstating the Referendum Clause in Article 142 should provide a democratic check on judicial fluidity with the BSD. So far, there is no single precedent of invalidating constitutional amendments made through the referendum process. Rather, Justice Habibur Rahman pointed out, in Anwar Hossain Chowdhury v Bangladesh, that had the 8th Amendment (1988) gone through a Referendum, the outcome of that case would have been different. Moreover, if the BSD is the main hesitation, it must not be forgotten that a new constitution as a whole is not immune from the BSD-inspired judicial challenge, particularly when the current Constitution includes an eternity clause (article 7B) and a sedition clause (article 7A).

Next, it is argued that the 1972 Constitution cannot be amended due to its unamendability clause (article 7B). However, a sensible approach to the 7B hurdle is to challenge it vis-a-vis the 1972 Constitution's basic structure. If the Constitution itself is abrogated, instead of challenging the article 7B, there is a risk that the reformers may later be accused under article 7A (offence of sedition). The pragmatic strategy should be to process the constitutional reforms through the existing processes and safeguards rather than falling into the article 7A's trap.

The third argument is quite revolutionary. It is said that radical changes must come through the exercise of the constituent power, not the amendment power. This argument is unlikely to be supported by established constitutional theories. In comparative constitutional studies, there is extensive literature on constitutional renewal, dismemberment, and revolutionary constitutionalism which acknowledge that the constituent power (the power of the people to write the constitution) can also be exercised while amending constitutions.

Periodic fresh starts with constitutions usually undermine their long-term viability. A durable, continuous, and long-lived constitution may not be perfect, but it acquires an internal resilience rooted in its established jurisprudence. With that strength, judges and lawyers resist unconstitutional and abusive amendments. While some undemocratic amendments may not be immediately challenged due to political circumstances (such as the abolition of the caretaker government in 2011), they are bound to be challenged in the future (which is being done now). Even if some amendments are never challenged (such as the Fourth Amendment of 1975), they are bound to be lost in the historical process. Common sense tells us, you should not uproot the great banyan to sow the new saplings, until you really have to.

Now, if Bangladesh is to venture their paths, it risks sliding towardsrecurringphases of constitutional replacements in the future. The "New Constitution" will likely carry a constant existential threat in the short and long run. It will likely prove an easier task for the later regimes to abolish or replace it rather than going through thetroublesome path of amendments and judicial reviews. It'salways easier to draft a new Constitution and ask the judges of the court to take fresh oaths under that.

We acknowledge that there are some valid criticisms of the 1972 Constitution, but its greatest strength perhaps is its structural design - the parliamentary form of government, endorsed by a political consensus in 1992. It has withstood 53 years-long politics of assassinations, coups, military rule, authoritarian party government, abusive amendments, and experiments.

If comparative constitutional history is a lesson - the more the constitutional replacement, the less constitutions thrive. In South Asia, the Constitution of Pakistan was written thrice - 1956, 1962, and 1973. Afghanistan's Constitution was also written three times - in 1923, 1964, and 2004. In 2021, the Taliban simply withered the 2004 Constitution away. Sri Lanka had two - 1972 and 1978. Myanmar had three - 1947, 1974, and 2008. Myanmar military junta ruled the country without a Constitution for twenty years - from 1988 to 2008. Despite several fresh starts, Pakistan and Myanmar could not escape the grip of the military establishment. Myanmar and Sri Lanka endure the fiercest civil wars, due to their constitutional instability around ethnic power-sharing arrangements. Sri Lanka's replacement of the parliamentary system with a presidential system has created constant tension between the President and the Prime Minister causing constitutional breakdown on multiple occasions.

Now, if Bangladesh is to venture their paths, it risks sliding towards recurring phases of constitutional replacements in the future. The "New Constitution" will likely carry a constant existential threat in the short and long run. It will likely prove an easier task for the later regimes to abolish or replace it rather than going through the troublesome path of amendments and judicial reviews. It's always easier to draft a new Constitution and ask the judges of the court to take fresh oaths under that.

Historically speaking, the 4th amendment of 1975 was a "new" Constitution in all its means and purposes - a "second revolution" they called it. Still, the promoters of that amendment did not say that they were replacing the 1972 Constitution. The constitutional reforms during 1976-79 defaced the 1972 Constitution unrecognizably. Still, they called those amendments rather than replacement. The 12th Amendment of 1992 caused fundamental realignment of governance structure. Still, no political party demanded a new constitution at that time. Former Chief Justice Mustafa Kamal called it the completion of a "full constitutional cycle ". The 15th Amendment of 2011 is another major structural and ideological realignment. Again, nobody called it a rewriting of the Constitution. We believe that those tendencies were not mere historical coincidences. At every moment of our constitutional transitions, the proponents of change valued the importance of constitutional continuity and endurance. It is because of this constitutional conservatism that Bangladesh has turned around again and again with its own identity and stood with in sharp contrast with countries struggling with the very idea of Constitution.

*Dr M Jashim Ali Chowdhury, Lecturer in Law, University of Hull, UK and Sifat Tasnim, Student of Law, Bangladesh Maritime University.



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āĻĄ āĻāĻŽ āĻœāĻ¸িāĻŽ āĻ†āĻ˛ী āĻšৌāĻ§ুāĻ°ী āĻ“ āĻ¸িāĻĢাāĻ¤ āĻ¤াāĻ¸āĻ¨ীāĻŽ: ā§Ģ āĻ…āĻ—াāĻ¸্āĻŸেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°-āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ•া, āĻ¸āĻ­া-āĻ¸েāĻŽিāĻ¨াāĻ°, āĻŸāĻ• āĻļো-āĻ¤ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇে āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻāĻ¸েāĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻāĻ• āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ি। āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŽোāĻŸাāĻŽুāĻŸি āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĻাāĻ—েāĻ°। āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§ŸাāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•িāĻ›ু “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ” āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে।

āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ•ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি”āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ” āĻ¯েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻšিāĻš্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ি। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি” āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ি। āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤ৃāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻļেāĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦāĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ¤ুāĻ˛ে āĻ§āĻ°āĻŦো āĻ•েāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖাāĻŸি āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ­াāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤ি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦে।

āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšেā§Ÿে āĻŦā§œ āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, āĻāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ°াāĻ˛ āĻĄিāĻœাāĻ‡āĻ¨ (āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦিāĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¸) āĻ¯েāĻŸি āĻŦেāĻļ āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻļাāĻ˛ী āĻāĻŦং āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻœোāĻ°ে āĻāĻŸি ā§Ģā§Š āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ে āĻšāĻ¤্āĻ¯া, āĻ•্āĻ¯ু, āĻ¸েāĻ¨াāĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ…āĻšāĻ˛াāĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻāĻŦং āĻ•াāĻœেāĻ°-āĻ…āĻ•াāĻœেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻā§œ-āĻাāĻĒ্āĻŸা āĻ¸ā§Ÿে āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸ে āĻāĻŸি āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻŦা āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨েā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ–্āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻāĻ—িā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ¸্āĻĨিāĻ¤িāĻļীāĻ˛ āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻĻāĻ•্āĻˇিāĻŖ āĻāĻļিā§Ÿাā§Ÿ āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§Ŧ, ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§¨ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Š āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ¤িāĻ¨āĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ†āĻĢāĻ—াāĻ¨িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¤িāĻ¨āĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে – ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§Š, ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§Ē āĻāĻŦং ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ē āĻ। āĻļ্āĻ°ীāĻ˛ংāĻ•াā§Ÿ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ž āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻĻুāĻŸি āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻšā§Ÿ।āĻŽাā§ŸাāĻ¨āĻŽাāĻ°ে ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§­, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ē āĻāĻŦং ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§ŽāĻ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻĻেāĻļāĻŸিāĻ¤ে ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ž āĻšāĻ¤ে ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸāĻ•াāĻ˛ে āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻ¨া।

āĻ āĻšাāĻ°āĻŸি āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨āĻŸিāĻ‡ āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ•āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸ুāĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸িāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ āĻ¸েāĻ¨া āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ—্āĻ°াāĻ¸ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ°āĻ•্āĻˇা āĻĒাā§ŸāĻ¨ি। āĻ†āĻĢāĻ—াāĻ¨িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ē āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŸি ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ¤াāĻ˛েāĻŦাāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ›ুঁā§œে āĻĢেāĻ˛েāĻ›ে। āĻĻেāĻļāĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ˛িāĻ˛ āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŦাā§ŸāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ¤াāĻŽিāĻ˛-āĻ¸িংāĻšāĻ˛āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§েāĻ° āĻœেāĻ°ে āĻļ্āĻ°ীāĻ˛ংāĻ•াāĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĢেāĻ˛ে āĻĻিā§Ÿে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ž āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤িāĻļাāĻ¸িāĻ¤ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨েā§Ÿা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻĻেāĻļāĻŸি āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ¤āĻ•্āĻˇā§Ÿী āĻ—ৃāĻšāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§েāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĒāĻ°ে। āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤ি āĻ“ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ•্āĻ°āĻŽাāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŸাāĻ¨াāĻĒā§œেāĻ¨ে āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ুāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āĻŽাā§ŸাāĻ¨āĻŽাāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻšীāĻ¨ āĻ¸েāĻ¨া āĻ“ āĻœাāĻ¤িāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¨ৈāĻ°াāĻœ্āĻ¯েāĻ° āĻ­ā§ŸাāĻŦāĻšāĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ।

āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļে ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§Ē āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ¸ে āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ—েāĻ° āĻœোāĻ°ে āĻ¨ূāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•ৃāĻ¤ি āĻšাāĻ˛ু āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ­āĻŦিāĻˇ্āĻ¯āĻ¤েāĻŦাāĻ°āĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ–ুāĻ˛ে āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ†āĻ—েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›ি, āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦ āĻ¨িāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻŦা āĻ¨া āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻĸাāĻ˛াāĻ“āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛িāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻŦāĻ˛াāĻ° āĻœিāĻ—িāĻ°āĻŸা ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨ āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§েāĻ° ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ˛āĻ•্āĻˇ āĻļāĻšীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ—ā§œে āĻ‰āĻ া ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি, āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāĻ˛্āĻ¯āĻŦোāĻ§āĻœāĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি āĻāĻ•āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ° āĻšিংāĻ¸া, āĻ†āĻ•্āĻ°োāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦিāĻ¤ৃāĻˇ্āĻŖাāĻ¤াā§œিāĻ¤āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।

āĻ¸েāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻš্āĻ¯ “āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨” āĻĻীāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŽেā§ŸাāĻĻে āĻ…āĻ¸্āĻ¤্āĻŦিāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ•āĻŸে āĻĒā§œāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ° āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻœāĻŸিāĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻাāĻŽেāĻ˛াāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻĒāĻĨে āĻ¯াāĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻ¨া। āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĒā§œāĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ।āĻ¤াāĻ°āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛িāĻ–ে āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ°āĻ•āĻĻেāĻ°āĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŸা āĻŽাāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻļāĻĒāĻĨ āĻ¨িāĻ¨।

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻ¤, āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•ে āĻĻাāĻŦি āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›েāĻ¨, āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¨া āĻ¯াāĻŦেāĻ¨া। āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖে āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ীāĻ¤ে āĻ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻ…āĻ—āĻ­ীāĻ°। āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻāĻŸা āĻŦোāĻ§āĻ—āĻŽ্āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ, āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŽাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦেāĻ° āĻ­েāĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āĻ†āĻ›ে āĻ¯েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒāĻ¨্āĻĨী āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻļāĻ™্āĻ•া āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ—েāĻ° āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨াā§Ÿ āĻ¯ে āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸিāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻšিāĻš্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨āĻŸিāĻ‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো “āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ে”āĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸ংāĻ˜াāĻ¤āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻ°াā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻ¤েāĻ‡ āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻ¤া, āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ•ীāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ি, āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨, āĻœāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāĻ¤া ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ°। āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨āĻŸিāĻ‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি āĻ¨ā§Ÿ, āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤ি।

āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•ে āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›েāĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ•্āĻˇ āĻŦিāĻļিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে (āĻ¯েāĻŸি āĻ­াāĻ˛ো āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ) āĻŦা āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°ীā§Ÿ āĻ§াঁāĻšেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻ¸িāĻĄেāĻ¨্āĻ¸িā§ŸাāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে (āĻ¯েāĻŸি āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻĒ্āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖে āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻāĻœāĻ¨āĻ•) āĻšā§ŸāĻ¤ো āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĻোāĻšাāĻ‡ āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেāĻŦেāĻ¨। āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻ¯āĻĨেāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§§ā§Ēā§¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻে āĻ¯ে āĻ—āĻŖāĻ­োāĻŸেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻĒুāĻ¨āĻ°ুāĻœ্āĻœীāĻŦিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ—āĻŖāĻ­োāĻŸেāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¨িāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻ¨া।

āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦāĻŸি āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ¨াāĻ¨া āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¨াāĻ¨া āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻāĻŸি āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻিāĻ¤ āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¨āĻœিāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻেāĻļে āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻŦিāĻ–্āĻ¯াāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¨োā§ŸাāĻ° āĻšোāĻ¸েāĻ¨ āĻŽাāĻŽāĻ˛াā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤ি āĻšাāĻŦিāĻŦুāĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ™্āĻ—িāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›িāĻ˛েāĻ¨, ā§ŽāĻŽ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ী āĻ°েāĻĢাāĻ°েāĻ¨্āĻĄাāĻŽেāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻšāĻ˛ে, āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻŽাāĻŽāĻ˛াāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛াāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¤ো। āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°াā§ŸোāĻ—িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨িāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ° āĻ–ুঁāĻœāĻŦেāĻ¨।

āĻ¤ৃāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§­āĻ– āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ¯োāĻ—্āĻ¯āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖে āĻāĻŸি āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াāĻŦে āĻ¨া। āĻāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, ā§­āĻ– āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ•āĻšাāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒāĻ¨্āĻĨী āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ˛েāĻž্āĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻĒāĻ°ে ā§­āĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ (āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ° āĻĻ্āĻ°োāĻš)-āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­িāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ¸ৃāĻˇ্āĻŸি āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ•āĻŸāĻ•ে āĻāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ–োāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻšā§ŸেāĻ‡ āĻŽোāĻ•াāĻŦেāĻ˛া āĻ•āĻ°াāĻŸা āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ­াāĻ˛ো āĻ•ৌāĻļāĻ˛। āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦেāĻ°িā§Ÿে āĻ—িā§Ÿে āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻ°ো āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻ¸ৃāĻˇ্āĻŸি āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।

āĻšāĻ¤ুāĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻŦেāĻļ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āĻ˛āĻŦী āĻ§াঁāĻšেāĻ°। āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ–োāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻšে āĻĒাāĻ˛্āĻŸাāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াā§Ÿ (Amendment Power) āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¨া, āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া (Constituent Power) āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ•াāĻœāĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে।āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•ৃāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœ্āĻžāĻĻেāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻŦাāĻŽ āĻ˜āĻ°াāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦি āĻ¸াāĻšিāĻ¤্āĻ¯িāĻ•āĻ°াāĻ‡ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻিāĻš্āĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ¤ুāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ—āĻŦেāĻˇāĻŖাā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻŸিāĻŸিāĻ‰āĻļāĻ¨াāĻ˛ āĻ°িāĻ¨িāĻ‰ā§ŸাāĻ˛, āĻĄিāĻœāĻŽেāĻŽ্āĻŦাāĻ°āĻŽেāĻ¨্āĻŸ āĻāĻŦং āĻ°েāĻ­āĻ˛িāĻ‰āĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°ী āĻ•āĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻŸিāĻŸিāĻ‰āĻļāĻ¨াāĻ˛িāĻœāĻŽ āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ˛েāĻ–ি āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, āĻ•āĻ¨্āĻ¸āĻŸিāĻŸুā§ŸেāĻ¨্āĻŸ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° (āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া) āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽেāĻ“ āĻšāĻ°্āĻšা āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦā§œ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āĻ¯āĻ• āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻ­াāĻ˛ো āĻ•ৌāĻļāĻ˛āĻ“ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ।

āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻĻāĻ˛াāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ° āĻĻীāĻ°্āĻ˜ āĻŽেā§ŸাāĻĻে āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻ¨āĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ§াāĻ°াāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻĻীāĻ°্āĻ˜াā§Ÿু āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ‡ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŸিāĻ•ে। āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িāĻ–ুঁāĻ¤ āĻ¨া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“, āĻ–াāĻ°াāĻĒ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ েāĻ•াāĻ¤ে āĻ¨া āĻĒাāĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸা āĻ‡āĻ¨্āĻŸাāĻ°āĻ¨াāĻ˛āĻ°েāĻœিāĻ˛িā§ŸেāĻ¨্āĻ¸, āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻœুāĻ°িāĻ¸্āĻĒ্āĻ°ুāĻĄেāĻ¨্āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻļেāĻ•ā§œ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ°েāĻœিāĻ˛িā§ŸেāĻ¨্āĻ¸ āĻ“ āĻļেāĻ•ā§œেāĻ° āĻœোāĻ°েāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ি āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ী āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒāĻ¨্āĻĨী, āĻ“āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°িāĻ¸্āĻĨিāĻ¤ি āĻ­েāĻĻে āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤াāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ী āĻ¤াā§ŽāĻ•্āĻˇāĻŖিāĻ• āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ˛েāĻž্āĻœ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¨া āĻ—েāĻ˛েāĻ“ (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦাāĻŦāĻ§াā§ŸāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛), āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ°ে āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ˛েāĻž্āĻœেāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĒā§œāĻ¤ে āĻŦাāĻ§্āĻ¯। āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ী āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ো āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ˛েāĻž্āĻœ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¨া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“ (āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ুāĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ী) āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻ•্āĻ°āĻŽাā§Ÿ āĻ“āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻšাāĻ°িā§Ÿে āĻ¯েāĻ¤ে āĻŦাāĻ§্āĻ¯। āĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻœāĻ¨ āĻļুāĻ§ু āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ•ে āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ¤ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻāĻŦং āĻļেāĻ•ā§œ āĻ—āĻœাāĻ¤ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা। āĻļেāĻ•ā§œ āĻ¸āĻš āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻšীāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻļ্āĻŦāĻĨ āĻ‰āĻĒā§œে āĻĢেāĻ˛ে āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻšাāĻ°া āĻ—াāĻ› āĻ˛াāĻ—িā§Ÿে āĻ¨া āĻāĻ¤িāĻš্āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻ•্āĻˇা āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ, āĻ¨া āĻ¸āĻŦুāĻœ।

āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻেāĻļে ā§ĒāĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ•āĻŸা āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻ্āĻ¯োāĻ•্āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি। āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ŧ-ā§­ā§¯ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻœিā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ° āĻšেāĻšাāĻ°াāĻ‡ āĻĒাāĻ˛্āĻŸে āĻĻেā§Ÿ। āĻ“āĻŸাāĻ“ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ° “āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–া”। āĻ¤াāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°āĻ“ āĻœিā§Ÿা āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াঁāĻ° āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻŸাāĻ•ে āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি। ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° ā§§ā§¨-āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤িāĻļাāĻ¸িāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻļাāĻ¸িāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°ে āĻĢেāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤ি āĻŽোāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻĢা āĻ•াāĻŽাāĻ˛ āĻāĻŸাāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āĻŸা “āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšāĻ•্āĻ°āĻĒূāĻ°āĻŖ” āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻ–্āĻ¯াā§ŸিāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨। ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻ…āĻ­্āĻ¯ুāĻ¤্āĻĨাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° ā§§ā§¨-āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ী āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ° āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ¤ে āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¨ে।āĻ¤াāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°āĻ“ āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻĻাāĻŦি āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি। āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨাāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨। ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° ā§§ā§Ģ-āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ“ āĻ†āĻ°েāĻ•āĻŸি āĻŦিāĻ°াāĻŸāĻ•াā§Ÿ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°্āĻļিāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨। āĻ¸েāĻŦাāĻ°āĻ“ āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ি, āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨া āĻĒāĻ°āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ°া āĻ•েāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ•āĻ¤াāĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻŦাঁāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻ্āĻ¯োāĻ•্āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ§াāĻ°াāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•āĻ¤া āĻ“ āĻ¸্āĻĨাā§ŸিāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ—ুāĻ°āĻ¤্āĻŦāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ¸্āĻŦীāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻ¨ি। āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ¨্āĻ¸āĻŸিāĻŸিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ¨āĻœাāĻ°āĻ­েāĻŸিāĻœāĻŽেāĻ° āĻœোāĻ°েāĻ‡ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¤ো āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ¨াāĻŽāĻ• āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻŸি āĻŦাāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻœেāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤্āĻ¨āĻĒāĻ°িāĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ˜ুāĻ°ে āĻĻাঁā§œাā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨, āĻ†āĻĢāĻ—াāĻ¨িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨, āĻļ্āĻ°ীāĻ˛ংāĻ•া āĻŦা āĻŽাā§ŸাāĻ¨āĻŽাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ†āĻ˛াāĻĻা āĻĨাāĻ•ে।

Thursday, October 31, 2024

āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•: ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি”





āĻĄ. āĻāĻŽ āĻœāĻ¸িāĻŽ āĻ†āĻ˛ী āĻšৌāĻ§ুāĻ°ী 
āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ­াāĻˇāĻ• āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¨িāĻ­াāĻ°্āĻ¸িāĻŸি āĻ…āĻŦ āĻšাāĻ˛, āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻœ্āĻ¯ 

āĻ¸িāĻĢাāĻ¤ āĻ¤াāĻ¸āĻ¨ীāĻŽ
āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻļিāĻ•্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨী, āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽেāĻ°িāĻŸাāĻ‡āĻŽ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¨িāĻ­াāĻ°্āĻ¸িāĻŸি



ā§Ģ āĻ…āĻ—াāĻ¸্āĻŸেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°-āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ•া, āĻ¸āĻ­া-āĻ¸েāĻŽিāĻ¨াāĻ°, āĻŸāĻ• āĻļো-āĻ¤ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇে āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻāĻ¸েāĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻāĻ• āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ি। āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŽোāĻŸাāĻŽুāĻŸি āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĻাāĻ—েāĻ°। āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§ŸাāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•িāĻ›ু “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ” āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ•ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি”āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ” āĻ¯েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻšিāĻš্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ি। āĻ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸিāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦো। āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ¤ুāĻ˛ে āĻ§āĻ°āĻŦো āĻ•েāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖাāĻŸি āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ­াāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤ি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦে।


ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽোāĻŸাāĻŽুāĻŸি āĻ›ā§ŸāĻŸি “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি” āĻ§āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°্āĻļিāĻ•, āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻĸাāĻ˛াāĻ“ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ।

āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•āĻŸা āĻĸাāĻ˛াāĻ“। āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে “āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻ¤āĻĨা ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĢ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻŦাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ†ঁāĻ¤ুā§œ āĻ˜āĻ°। āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĢ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻŦাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤্āĻĨাāĻ¨ āĻ েāĻ•াāĻ¨ো āĻ¯াāĻŦে āĻ¨া।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸিāĻ¤ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ° āĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি āĻāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ¤ৃāĻˇ্āĻŖা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒাā§Ÿ। āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ†āĻ¤্āĻ¨āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāĻ¸েāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻĻাāĻŦী āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ¯ে, āĻĢ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻ¸্āĻŦৈāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° “āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ”, āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ি āĻŦা āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ­াāĻ°্āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ†āĻ¸ে āĻ¨া। āĻĢ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻ¸্āĻŦৈāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸ে āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻœāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ•āĻŸ āĻ“ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ—োঁā§œাāĻ° āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ āĻĨেāĻ•ে। āĻĢ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻŦাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤্āĻĨাāĻ¨ āĻ েāĻ•াāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ°āĻ•ে āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ¨āĻœāĻ° āĻĻিāĻ¤েāĻšāĻŦে।

“āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻŦ্āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ো, āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻœুāĻ°িāĻ¸্āĻĒ্āĻ°ুāĻĄেāĻ¨্āĻ¸ে “āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻ¨াāĻŽেāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻ•্āĻŸ্āĻ°িāĻ¨ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¨া। āĻāĻŸি āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻ¯ে, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ™্āĻ—āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ুāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¸াāĻ°ীāĻ°া āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ•ে “āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ¤ুāĻ˛ে āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¤েāĻ¨। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ুāĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ¤েāĻ‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻļ্āĻ˛োāĻ—াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽৃāĻ¤্āĻ¯ু āĻ˜āĻŸে। ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļ-āĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻĢিāĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻœ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āĻ˛ীāĻ—েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇ āĻĨেāĻ•ে “āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻŽāĻšিāĻŽাāĻ¨্āĻŦিāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻŦা āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•ি āĻāĻŸাāĻ•ে āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸িāĻ—āĻ¨েāĻšাāĻ° āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĄāĻ•্āĻŸ্āĻ°িāĻ¨ āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻĒāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻĒāĻ°িāĻ˛āĻ•্āĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨ি। āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻĒ্āĻ°িāĻŽ āĻ•োāĻ°্āĻŸেāĻ° ā§Ģā§Š āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°েāĻ° āĻœুāĻ°িāĻ¸্āĻĒ্āĻ°ুāĻĄেāĻ¨্āĻ¸ āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ˛ে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াāĻŦে, āĻ¸েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ¨াāĻ¨া āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ “āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻ¨ā§Ÿ, “āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ি”āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻāĻ¸েāĻ›ে। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯েāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে, āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•িāĻ¨া।

āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻŸি, āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°, āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ•াāĻ°ো āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ°িāĻ• āĻŦা āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ•, āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āĻ˛ীāĻ—, āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻĒাāĻ°্āĻŸি āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻāĻ¨āĻĒি – āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ে āĻ āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¨ি। āĻŦিāĻāĻ¨āĻĒি-āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛ে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ি, āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°,-āĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻœ্āĻžা āĻ¸ীāĻŽিāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāĻ˛ো। ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āĻ˛ীāĻ— āĻ¸ংāĻœ্āĻžাāĻŸাāĻ•ে āĻ†āĻ—েāĻ° āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻĒāĻļ্āĻšিāĻŽা āĻ˛িāĻŦাāĻ°েāĻ˛ āĻ§াঁāĻšেāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻŽাāĻ˛িāĻ•াāĻ¨া āĻ“ āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻŦাāĻœাāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨāĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ˜োāĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤েāĻ‡ āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœāĻ¤াāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ।

āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻ˛ী āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻ¤াāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļী āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻ¤াāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ• āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛েāĻ“ ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° ā§§ā§Ģ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ¸ে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ—েāĻ›ে āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āĻ˛ীāĻ— āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļী āĻ¨াāĻ—āĻ°িāĻ•āĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤াāĻŸি āĻŽেāĻ¨ে āĻ¨িā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻ˛ী āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻ¤াāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻĢিāĻ°েāĻ¨ি। āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ¨িāĻ°āĻĒেāĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤া āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•-āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ• āĻšাāĻ˛ু āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨েāĻ“ āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াāĻŦে, ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° ā§§ā§ĢāĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āĻ˛ীāĻ— āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ¨িāĻ°āĻĒেāĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¯ে āĻ¸ংāĻœ্āĻžা āĻĻেā§ŸাāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ে, āĻ¸েāĻŸি ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻœ্āĻžাāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨। āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽ, āĻ†āĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻš্‌āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāĻ¸, āĻŦিāĻ¸āĻŽিāĻ˛্āĻ˛াāĻš, āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি āĻ°েāĻ–ে āĻĻিā§ŸেāĻ›েāĻ¨। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ•ে āĻ¸āĻ°াāĻ¸āĻ°ি āĻ¨িāĻˇিāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি। āĻāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻোāĻ¤া āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸেāĻ° āĻŦুāĻ āĻ¸েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ¸্āĻĒāĻˇ্āĻŸ।

āĻāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাā§Ÿ, “āĻŽুāĻœিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ…āĻ¤ীāĻ¤āĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖাāĻ•ে āĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻāĻ¨ে, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ›ুঁā§œে āĻĢেāĻ˛াāĻ° āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•āĻŸাāĻ‡ “āĻ°‍্āĻ¯াāĻĄিāĻ•্āĻ¯াāĻ˛” āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻœāĻ¨ীā§Ÿ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°্āĻļāĻ¨িā§ŸেāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•-āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻšিāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§Ÿা। āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻāĻ•ে āĻāĻ—িā§Ÿে āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻেāĻļে āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻāĻ•āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ°া āĻ…āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻāĻ—ā§œা āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ā§§ā§Ģ-āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ী āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াāĻš্āĻ›ে, āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤্āĻ¤াāĻĒ āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•āĻŸাāĻ‡ āĻ¸্āĻĨিāĻŽিāĻ¤।āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĒুāĻ°োāĻ¨ো āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻ‰āĻ¸্āĻ•ে āĻĻিāĻ˛ে āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•্āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ°্āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°াāĻšāĻ¤āĻ‡ āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°্āĻļিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§āĻ•ে āĻ‰āĻ¸্āĻ•ে āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻŦা āĻ…āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°্āĻļāĻ•ে āĻ¸āĻŽূāĻ˛ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ–াāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸ে āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨োāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨ি। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻĢ্āĻ¯াāĻ¸িāĻŦাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒুāĻ¨āĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻĨাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ†āĻļংāĻ•া āĻŦেā§œে āĻ¯াā§Ÿ।

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¤াāĻ˛িāĻ•া āĻ†āĻ›ে āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦাā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĨāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ¨েāĻ‡ āĻ¯ে āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖে āĻĄিāĻœিāĻŸাāĻ˛ āĻ¸িāĻ•িāĻ‰āĻ°িāĻŸি āĻāĻ•্āĻŸ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ•াāĻ˛ো āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে।

āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇুāĻĻ্āĻ° āĻœ্āĻžাāĻ¨ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻĻুāĻ¨িā§ŸাāĻ° āĻŦুāĻ•ে āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒাāĻ‡āĻ¨ি āĻ¯েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦাā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻļো’āĻŸা āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦাāĻ¤āĻ˛ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§¨ā§Ŧ, ā§Ēā§Ē āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§Ļā§¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻে āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦাā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļ āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻĒোāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻ…āĻšāĻ°āĻš āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒāĻ¨্āĻĨী āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ˛েāĻž্āĻœ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে – āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻĄেāĻŽāĻ¨িāĻŸি āĻ…āĻ§্āĻ¯াāĻĻেāĻļ, āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¨িāĻ°াāĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ¤া āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āĻŸা āĻ‰āĻĻাāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ। āĻŦিāĻļেāĻˇ āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¸িāĻŸি āĻāĻ•্āĻŸ, āĻĄিāĻœিāĻŸাāĻ˛ āĻ¸িāĻ•িāĻ‰āĻ°িāĻŸি āĻāĻ•্āĻŸ, āĻĻ্āĻ°ুāĻ¤ āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ° āĻŸ্āĻ°াāĻ‡āĻŦুāĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻš āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ˛েāĻž্āĻœ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨ি āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ…āĻĒāĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻ— āĻ°োāĻ§ে āĻĢৌāĻœāĻĻাāĻ°ি āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨ি।

āĻ¸েāĻŸাāĻ° āĻĻোāĻˇ āĻ•াāĻ°? āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ°, āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ•ুāĻ•্āĻˇিāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ°াāĻ–া āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœীāĻŦী āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœেāĻ°? āĻ¨াāĻ•ি ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ°? āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻŸা āĻ•ি āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§্āĻ¯াā§Ÿে? āĻ¨াāĻ•ি āĻ…āĻ§āĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻ•ে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšী āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻŽূāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§§ā§§ā§Ŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļāĻ¨া āĻ‰āĻĒেāĻ•্āĻˇা āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে? āĻ¤াāĻ›াā§œা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦিāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻŽৌāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦাā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ™্āĻ—িāĻ¤āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇ্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¨ā§Ÿ।

āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻĻেāĻļে āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻšাāĻ˛ু āĻšāĻ˛ো, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻে āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸাāĻ•ে āĻ¸ুāĻĒ্āĻ°িāĻŽāĻ•োāĻ°্āĻŸেāĻ° āĻœুāĻĄিāĻļিā§ŸাāĻ˛ āĻ°িāĻ­িāĻ‰-āĻ° āĻ†āĻ“āĻ¤াā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻ¨াāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ো (āĻ¯েāĻŸি āĻļ্āĻ°ীāĻ˛ংāĻ•াā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻ›ে)। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨āĻŸাāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻ‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ˛ে। āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āĻ¯ āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āĻ°ি-āĻ˛েāĻœিāĻ¸āĻ˛েāĻŸিāĻ­ āĻœুāĻĄিāĻļিā§ŸাāĻ˛ āĻ°িāĻ­িāĻ‰āĻ“ āĻ•াāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦে āĻ¨া āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ¨āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻšিāĻ°াāĻšāĻ°িāĻ¤ āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻŽে āĻĻāĻ˛ীā§ŸāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻŸা ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻŸা āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻŽাāĻ¨ে āĻŦা āĻ›ুঁā§œে āĻĢেāĻ˛ে āĻĻেā§Ÿ āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ°।

āĻ¤ৃāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•āĻŸা āĻĒাāĻ‡āĻ•াāĻ°ি āĻāĻ•āĻŸা āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻেāĻļে āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻŽাāĻে āĻŽাāĻে āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“, āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ে āĻ­োāĻŸ āĻĻেā§Ÿা (āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ†āĻĻৌ āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻ¯াā§Ÿ) āĻ›াā§œা āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াā§Ÿ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖেāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ°াāĻ¸্āĻ¤া āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻ¨া।āĻĢāĻ˛ে āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖāĻ•ে āĻ¸ংāĻ˜াāĻ¤āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āĻ˛āĻŦ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ­ুāĻĨ্āĻ¯াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦেāĻ›ে āĻ¨িāĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ িāĻ• āĻ¨িāĻļ্āĻšিāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻš āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°ীā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ¨ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻŸি āĻ িāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦাāĻŦāĻ§াā§ŸāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻŸি “āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤াāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ•” āĻ…āĻœুāĻšাāĻ¤ে āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“, āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻŸাāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤াāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ¤āĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦাāĻŦāĻ§াā§ŸāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻাāĻ˛āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻĒুāĻ¨āĻ°ুāĻœ্āĻœীāĻŦāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻ“ āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻ¤া āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ¸্āĻĒāĻˇ্āĻŸāĻ­াāĻŦেāĻ‡ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻ†āĻ›ে।āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻ— āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨া। āĻ¨াāĻ¨া āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ী āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ†āĻ›ে।

āĻāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ‡āĻ°ে, āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦা āĻœāĻ¨āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•ৃāĻ¤ি āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ­্āĻ¯াāĻ¸েāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻĒাāĻ°। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻāĻ•ে āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸ংāĻļ্āĻ˛িāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ¨ āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦেāĻ‡ āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖাāĻ˛ী āĻŦিāĻ§িāĻ¤ে āĻ“ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻŸিāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ•্āĻ°āĻŽে āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒৃāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ­াāĻ˛ো āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ°াāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻšāĻ°্āĻšাāĻŸা āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ে āĻ¨া, āĻ¸েāĻŸি ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•োāĻĨাāĻ“ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ°ো āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ•িāĻ¨া āĻ­েāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯েāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ•িāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু āĻāĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ°েāĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨েā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ‡ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ…āĻ•্āĻˇāĻ°ে āĻ…āĻ•্āĻˇāĻ°ে āĻŽাāĻ¨āĻ¤ে āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ˛ীāĻ• āĻ•āĻ˛্āĻĒāĻ¨াāĻ°āĻ‡ āĻŦা āĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤ি āĻ•ি?

āĻšāĻ¤ুāĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° “āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি”। āĻāĻŸি āĻāĻ¤ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•াāĻŸাāĻ›েঁā§œা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻ¯ে, āĻāĻ• āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻāĻŸি āĻ িāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াāĻŦে āĻ¨া। āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛িāĻ–াāĻŸাāĻ‡ āĻ­াāĻ˛ো।

āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŽাāĻ¨ে āĻĻেāĻļে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ¯েāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻ­া-āĻ¸েāĻŽিāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻŦা āĻ†āĻ˛াāĻĒ-āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻĸাāĻ˛াāĻ“ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻāĻŦং āĻ¤াāĻ¤্āĻ¤্āĻŦিāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻšিāĻš্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¨া āĻ•োāĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻ•ি āĻ•āĻ°া āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°। āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ‡ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¤াāĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ¯āĻĨেāĻˇ্āĻŸ। āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯া āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāĻ°ে “āĻ¸ীāĻŽাāĻšীāĻ¨” āĻ¤াāĻšāĻ˛ে āĻšā§ŸāĻ¤ো āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻ¯াāĻŦে āĻŽূāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŸাāĻ° “āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻ‡” āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻ…āĻ•েāĻœো āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻĒā§œāĻ›ে।

āĻāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻŦিāĻāĻ¨āĻĒিāĻ° ā§Šā§§-āĻĻāĻĢা “āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ” āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻĒā§œেāĻ›ি। āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦিāĻˇā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ – āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻŽেā§ŸাāĻĻ āĻĻুāĻ‡āĻŦাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ¨া, āĻĻুāĻ‡āĻ•āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ া, ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨, āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻে āĻ¨িā§ŸোāĻ—েāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ†āĻŽেāĻ°িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻļুāĻ¨াāĻ¨ী, āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ•ীāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ (āĻāĻŸিāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§§ā§§ā§Ŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĒুāĻ¨āĻ°ুāĻœ্āĻœীāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ‡ āĻšā§Ÿ), āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ°āĻ• āĻ¨িā§ŸোāĻ— āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ¸াāĻ°āĻŖে āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ (āĻāĻŸিāĻ“ āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻ†āĻ›ে) āĻāĻŦংāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ীā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°ে āĻšāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻĒ āĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°া (āĻāĻŸিāĻ“ āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ†āĻ›ে)।āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻš্āĻ›ি, āĻŦিāĻāĻ¨āĻĒি-āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻĻāĻĢা āĻāĻ•āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻāĻ•āĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦাā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ “āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ°” āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻšিāĻš্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ¤ে āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ˛ে। āĻŦিāĻāĻ¨āĻĒি-āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇ āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ“ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻĻাāĻŦী āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻŦāĻ°ং āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœāĻŸিāĻ“ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ‰āĻšিāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨।

āĻĒāĻž্āĻšāĻŽ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ­েāĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšেā§Ÿে āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ‰āĻš্āĻšাāĻ°িāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦং āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦাā§œিā§Ÿে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āĻĢāĻ˛ে āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ­াāĻ°āĻ¸াāĻŽ্āĻ¯āĻšীāĻ¨ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤া āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦ্āĻĻি āĻ•āĻ°ি। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻŦā§œ āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¯ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ­েāĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻিā§ŸেāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ—āĻ­ীāĻ° āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšāĻ¨াā§Ÿ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨াāĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŸা āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒāĻ•্āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻšā§Ÿ।ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻĒাāĻŦāĻ˛িāĻ• āĻ˛েāĻ•āĻšাāĻ°ে āĻ˛āĻ°্āĻĄ āĻšেāĻ‡āĻ˛āĻ¸াāĻŽ āĻŦ্āĻ°িāĻŸিāĻļ āĻ“ā§ŸেāĻ¸্āĻŸāĻŽিāĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻŸাāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ•ে ‘āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻŦৈāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°’ (Prime Ministerial Dictatorship) āĻ†āĻ–্āĻ¯া āĻĻিā§ŸেāĻ›িāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻ“ā§ŸেāĻ¸্āĻŸāĻŽিāĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻŸাāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻŸি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ•ে āĻ¸্āĻŦীāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ‡ āĻ¸াāĻœাāĻ¨ো। āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻœāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāĻ¤া āĻ†āĻ¸ে āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ¸ীāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°ীāĻŖ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°, āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§ীāĻĻāĻ˛, āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻļাāĻ˛ী āĻ“ āĻ¸্āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ীā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°, āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻļাāĻ˛ী āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻœāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšি āĻ¨িāĻļ্āĻšিāĻ¤āĻ•াāĻ°ী āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ¨āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻĨেāĻ•ে।āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¨িāĻŦেāĻļ-āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ী āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ¤ে āĻœāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦিāĻ•āĻ˛্āĻĒ āĻ°াāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ āĻĨাāĻ•াā§Ÿ āĻŦা āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻļাāĻ˛ী āĻ¨া āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাā§Ÿ āĻ“ā§ŸেāĻ¸্āĻŸāĻŽিāĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻŸাāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ী āĻ•েāĻ¨্āĻĻ্āĻ°িāĻ•āĻ¤াāĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ¤িāĻ°িāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻšোāĻ–ে āĻĒā§œে।

āĻ¤াāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°āĻ“ āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻেāĻļে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻŽাāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ•ি āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ? āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°ে āĻ¨াāĻ¨া āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ—েāĻ›ে āĻ¸āĻŦাāĻ‡ āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্ā§°āĻĒāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻŦাā§œাāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ˜াāĻ¤েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻāĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ¨āĻœিāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ…āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ে āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°্āĻ¨āĻ° āĻœেāĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ˛ āĻ—োāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ী āĻ˛িā§ŸাāĻ•āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ˛ী āĻ–াāĻ¨, āĻĢিāĻ°োāĻœ āĻ–াāĻ¨ āĻ¨ুāĻ¨, āĻšোāĻ¸েāĻ¨ āĻļāĻšীāĻĻ āĻ¸োāĻšāĻ°াāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§ে āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ° āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ‡ āĻ­েāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĒā§œে। ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ে āĻ—োāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻšাāĻ• āĻ–াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻŦেāĻ¨āĻœিāĻ° āĻ­ুāĻŸ্āĻŸো āĻāĻŦং āĻĢাāĻ°ুāĻ• āĻ˛েāĻ˜াāĻ°িāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¨āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻœ āĻļāĻ°ীāĻĢ āĻ“ āĻŦেāĻ¨āĻœিāĻ° āĻ­ুāĻŸ্āĻŸোāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ˜াāĻ¤ে āĻĻেāĻļāĻŸিāĻŽাāĻ°াāĻ¤্āĻ¨āĻ• āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻ•āĻŸে āĻĒā§œে āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻ¸িāĻĄেāĻ¨্āĻŸ āĻ¸িāĻ°িāĻ¸েāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ী āĻ°āĻ¨িāĻ˛ āĻŦিāĻ•্āĻ°āĻŽা āĻ¸িংāĻšেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§ে āĻļ্āĻ°ীāĻ˛āĻ™্āĻ•াāĻ“ āĻ–াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ•িāĻ¨াāĻ°ে āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšāĻ¨াā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ°āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ িāĻ• āĻ°েāĻ–ে āĻ•āĻ°াāĻŸাāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ—āĻ¤।


āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻŦাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻšāĻ¤ে āĻ¨া āĻĒাāĻ°াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ—ুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŖ। āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ াāĻ¨ āĻŦা āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ•ে āĻ•েāĻ¨্āĻĻ্āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ†āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻŦা āĻĻāĻ˛ীā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ•েāĻ¨্āĻĻ্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĒā§œেāĻ›ে।ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻā§œিā§Ÿে āĻ¯াāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻŦাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļী āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻ¨া āĻĒাāĻ°াāĻ° āĻļāĻ°্āĻ¤ āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻ‰āĻšিā§Ž। āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦাāĻ°āĻ¤াāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ¨েāĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ী āĻ¨া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻšাāĻ˛াāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°āĻŦেāĻ¨। āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨাāĻ° āĻŦাāĻ‡āĻ°ে āĻ¯াāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ•ে āĻĻāĻ˛ীā§Ÿ āĻāĻŽāĻĒি āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻ°োāĻš āĻ•āĻ°িā§Ÿে āĻĢেāĻ˛ে āĻĻিāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°āĻŦেāĻ¨। āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤ি āĻĒāĻĻে āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻŦাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļী āĻ¨া āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŸাāĻ“ āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ¤ে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¤ো, āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ী āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻ¨া āĻĒাāĻ°া āĻ¨েāĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤ি āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•াāĻ ি āĻ¨াā§œāĻŦেāĻ¨। āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ­েāĻ¤āĻ°ে āĻ¨েāĻ¤ৃāĻ¤্āĻŦ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨āĻŸা āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦা āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦাāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ‡āĻš্āĻ›েā§Ÿ āĻ¨া āĻšā§Ÿে, āĻ…āĻ­্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°ীāĻŖ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤াāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ—োāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻ˛āĻŸে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻļāĻ°্āĻ¤ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ¸āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¨েāĻ‡।

āĻˇāĻˇ্āĻ  āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻŦেāĻļ āĻœāĻ¨āĻĒ্āĻ°িā§Ÿ। āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§ী āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻŸিāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ে।

āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°াā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻŦাāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻāĻ•ে āĻĻাā§Ÿী āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨। āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻĨিāĻ¤িāĻļীāĻ˛āĻ¤া āĻ°āĻ•্āĻˇাā§Ÿ āĻāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻœāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻ—āĻ¤ ā§Ģā§Š āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ে āĻ āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻ¨ি। āĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖা āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ, āĻ¤াঁāĻ°াāĻ“ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤।

āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨, āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻĨিāĻ¤িāĻļীāĻ˛āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ°্āĻĨে āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨াāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦেāĻ° āĻ­োāĻŸাāĻ­ুāĻŸিāĻ¤ে ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻŦাāĻœেāĻŸ āĻ­োāĻŸাāĻ­ুāĻŸিāĻ¤ে ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻ— āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¨া āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯েāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§িāĻ¤াā§Ÿ āĻ•োāĻ¨ো āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦাāĻœেāĻŸ āĻĒাāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ¤ে āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ°্āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŦা āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻ āĻ­েāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĻেā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻ¤ৈāĻ°ি āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ¤াāĻ›াā§œা āĻŦাāĻœেāĻŸে āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°āĻĻ্āĻ§ে āĻ­োāĻŸ āĻĻেā§ŸাāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨা āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛েāĻ‡ āĻāĻŽāĻĒি-āĻ°া āĻ­োāĻŸ āĻĻেāĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¨িāĻļ্āĻšā§ŸāĻ¤া āĻ¨েāĻ‡। ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨োāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ°, āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ• āĻŦা āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ•্āĻ°āĻŽে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¯োāĻœ্āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ। āĻ…āĻĨāĻš āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ, āĻ¸েāĻ–াāĻ¨েāĻ“ āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻĒি-āĻ°া āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ে āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¨া। āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻšীāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¨ুāĻ—āĻ¤্āĻ¯āĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖে āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ¨া āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ“ āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸্āĻ¯āĻĻেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇে āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻ¨েāĻ¤ৃāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§িāĻ¤া āĻ•āĻ°া āĻŦা āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§িāĻ¤া āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•āĻŸাāĻ‡ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ†āĻ¤্āĻŽāĻšāĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻļাāĻŽিāĻ˛।

āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াāĻš্āĻ›ে, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ°েāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛িāĻ–ে āĻĢেāĻ˛āĻ˛েāĻ‡, āĻāĻŦং āĻ¸েāĻŸাāĻ¤ে ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻš্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛ে āĻŦা āĻ¨া āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛েāĻ‡ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¨া। āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯াāĻŸি āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ­েāĻ¤āĻ°ে, āĻ¯েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤াāĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻŽāĻ¤āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ, āĻ¸িāĻĻ্āĻ§াāĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ, āĻ¤ৃāĻŖāĻŽূāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨্āĻĻে āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨োāĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ˛াāĻ­ āĻŦা āĻ¨েāĻ¤ৃāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ে āĻ‰āĻ ে āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻĒāĻ¸্āĻĨিāĻ¤। āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ে āĻāĻ–াāĻ¨েāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¸া āĻ‰āĻšিāĻ¤।

āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨াā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻĻেāĻ–াāĻ¤ে āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦো āĻ•েāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖাāĻŸি āĻ†āĻ¤্āĻŽāĻ˜াāĻ¤ী āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।

Wednesday, October 30, 2024

āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•: ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° ‘āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ’



āĻĄ. āĻāĻŽ āĻœāĻ¸িāĻŽ āĻ†āĻ˛ী āĻšৌāĻ§ুāĻ°ী
āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ­াāĻˇāĻ• āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¨িāĻ­াāĻ°্āĻ¸িāĻŸি āĻ…āĻŦ āĻšাāĻ˛, āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻ°াāĻœ্āĻ¯

āĻ¸িāĻĢাāĻ¤ āĻ¤াāĻ¸āĻ¨ীāĻŽ
āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻļিāĻ•্āĻˇাāĻ°্āĻĨী, āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽেāĻ°িāĻŸাāĻ‡āĻŽ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ¨িāĻ­াāĻ°্āĻ¸িāĻŸি।

āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ˛াāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ˛িংāĻ• - āĻ˛āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻ°্āĻ¸ āĻ•্āĻ˛াāĻŦ āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļ, ā§¨ā§¯ āĻ…āĻ•্āĻŸোāĻŦāĻ° ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§Ē 



ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§েāĻ° ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ˛াāĻ– āĻļāĻšীāĻĻāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻĻাঁā§œিā§Ÿে āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯োāĻĻ্āĻ§াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻĒুāĻ°োāĻĒুāĻ°ি āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¨াāĻ•ি āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻĻেāĻļে āĻ¤ুāĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ• āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ে। āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻšাāĻ¨ āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻšিāĻ¨্āĻ¤া-āĻ­াāĻŦāĻ¨া āĻ“ āĻোঁāĻ• āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻ“ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ¨িāĻœ āĻ¸্āĻŦāĻĻৃāĻˇ্āĻŸিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ি āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻ¨াāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ°āĻ¤াā§Ÿ āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇে āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻ“ āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ°েāĻŸিāĻ­ āĻ¤ৈāĻ°িāĻ° āĻ•াāĻœ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ে।

āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻŦিāĻĒāĻ°ীāĻ¤ে āĻŦিāĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ° āĻŦāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ‰āĻš্āĻšাāĻ°িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¨া। āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻāĻ¤ āĻŦā§œ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĻিāĻ•েāĻ° āĻ•āĻŖ্āĻ āĻ‡ āĻœোāĻ°াāĻ˛োāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ‰āĻš্āĻšাāĻ°িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ…āĻ¤্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻœāĻ°ুāĻ°ী। āĻŦুāĻĻ্āĻ§িāĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ°্āĻĨে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨িāĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§েāĻ° āĻ˛েāĻ–āĻ•āĻĻ্āĻŦā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽেāĻ‡ āĻ¸্āĻŦীāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¨িāĻ‡ āĻ¯ে, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨ āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ি āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°্āĻļিāĻ• āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇāĻĒাāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦং āĻ—āĻ­ীāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ°াāĻ— āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ¨িāĻ¤ে āĻšাāĻ‡। āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ¨িāĻļ্āĻšিāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ি āĻ¯ে, āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨াā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ°াāĻ—-āĻ†āĻŦেāĻ—েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ§াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻĒাāĻŦে।


ā§Ģ āĻ…āĻ—াāĻ¸্āĻŸেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°-āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ•া, āĻ¸āĻ­া-āĻ¸েāĻŽিāĻ¨াāĻ°, āĻŸāĻ•āĻļো-āĻ¤ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦাāĻ¤িāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ•্āĻˇে āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻāĻ¸েāĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻāĻ• āĻœাā§ŸāĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ি। āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŽোāĻŸাāĻŽুāĻŸি āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĻাāĻ—েāĻ°। āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§ŸাāĻ° āĻŦেāĻļāĻ•িāĻ›ু “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ” āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ•ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻিāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি”āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦāĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ”āĻ¯েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻšিāĻš্āĻ¨িāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦো। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻāĻ° “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি”āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦো। āĻ¤ৃāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ¤ুāĻ˛ে āĻ§āĻ°āĻŦো āĻ•েāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ুāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖাāĻŸি āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ­াāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤ি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦে।

āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°িāĻ•া āĻ˜েঁāĻŸে āĻāĻ¯াāĻŦā§Ž āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ” āĻ¸ংāĻ•্āĻ°াāĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻŽোāĻŸাāĻŽুāĻŸি āĻšাāĻ°āĻŸি āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻ–ুঁāĻœে āĻĒেā§ŸেāĻ›ি।

āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ – ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨āĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻŖেāĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻ¤িā§ŸাāĻ° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āĻ¨āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻ§। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āĻ˛ীāĻ—েāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°ংāĻ•ুāĻļ āĻœā§ŸāĻŸা āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻœā§Ÿ। āĻ“āĻŸা āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¨া। āĻ¤াāĻ›াā§œা āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ°েāĻĢাāĻ°েāĻ¨্āĻĄাāĻŽ āĻ¨েā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨ি।

āĻāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•েāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¨িā§ŸāĻŽিāĻ¤ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻ¨া। āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸ুāĻˇ্āĻĒāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§Ŧ-āĻ° āĻ›ā§ŸāĻĻāĻĢা āĻļুāĻ§ু āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸্āĻŦাā§ŸāĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĻাāĻŦী āĻ›িāĻ˛োāĻ¨া।āĻāĻ¤ে āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻŦেāĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ°িāĻ• āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ°ূāĻĒāĻ°েāĻ–াāĻ“ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো। āĻ›ā§ŸāĻĻāĻĢাāĻ° āĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻĻাāĻŦীāĻ¤ে āĻ¸াāĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļে āĻĒাঁāĻš āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻĒী āĻ¤ুāĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻļীāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻŽেāĻ¨িāĻĢেāĻ¸্āĻŸোāĻ‡ āĻ›িāĻ˛ āĻ›ā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻĢা।

āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻœুāĻ˛āĻĢিāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ী āĻ­ুāĻŸ্āĻŸোāĻ¸āĻš āĻĒāĻļ্āĻšিāĻŽ āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ী āĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ°িāĻ• āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ•āĻ—োāĻˇ্āĻ ী āĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ›ā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻĢা-āĻ° āĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨াā§Ÿ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ¤ি āĻœাāĻ¨িā§ŸেāĻ‡ āĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻšাāĻĒিā§Ÿে āĻĻেāĻ¨। āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ে āĻŦিāĻœā§Ÿী āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻĒি-āĻ°া āĻ›ā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻĢা āĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻļ্āĻ°ুāĻ¤িāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ…āĻŸāĻ˛ āĻĨাāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•্āĻˇ্āĻ¯ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻœাāĻ¨ুā§ŸাāĻ°িāĻ¤ে āĻ°েāĻ¸āĻ•োāĻ°্āĻ¸ āĻŽā§ŸāĻĻাāĻ¨ে āĻ—āĻŖ āĻļāĻĒāĻĨ āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨।

āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§েāĻ° āĻļুāĻ°ুāĻ¤ে āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ§ীāĻ¨āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¯েāĻ˜োāĻˇāĻŖাāĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛িāĻ˛। āĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§āĻļেāĻˇ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¸াāĻĨে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻœাāĻ¨ুā§ŸাāĻ°ি āĻŽাāĻ¸েāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°্āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤ী āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ°ূāĻĒāĻ°েāĻ–া। āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŦাāĻšāĻ¨ে āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ§্āĻŦāĻ¸ āĻŦিāĻœā§ŸেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨ āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻĒেāĻ°িā§Ÿে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ°েāĻĢাāĻ°েāĻ¨্āĻĄাāĻŽ āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ¤ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ…āĻ¨াā§ŸাāĻ¸েāĻ‡ āĻœিāĻ¤āĻ¤েāĻ¨। āĻāĻ¤ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŸা āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ˛াāĻ—া āĻ›াā§œা, āĻ…āĻĻৌ āĻ­িāĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻĢāĻ˛াāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ•ি āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ো?

āĻ‡ā§ŸেāĻ˛ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻ¯াāĻ˛ā§ŸেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ–্āĻ¯াāĻ¤ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻļাāĻ°āĻĻ āĻŦ্āĻ°ুāĻ¸ āĻ†āĻ•াāĻ°āĻŽ্āĻ¯াāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨, āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨া āĻŦা āĻŦā§œāĻ¸ā§œ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨্āĻ¸āĻŸিāĻŸিāĻ‰āĻļāĻ¨াāĻ˛ āĻŽোāĻŽেāĻ¨্āĻŸ (Constitutional Moment) āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻĻীāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŽেā§ŸাāĻĻী āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§Ÿা āĻ“ āĻāĻœেāĻ¨্āĻĄা āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ¤ে āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻ•্āĻˇিāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ…āĻ¤্āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻĻাāĻŦী āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ¯ে, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨ āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ•āĻ¨্āĻ¸āĻŸিāĻŸিāĻ‰āĻļāĻ¨াāĻ˛ āĻŽোāĻŽেāĻ¨্āĻŸ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো, āĻ¯েāĻŸিāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°ā§ŸোāĻœāĻ¨ীā§Ÿ āĻ¸াংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•, āĻāĻœেāĻ¨্āĻĄা āĻāĻŦং āĻ°ূāĻĒāĻ°েāĻ–া āĻ…āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§¨ā§Ē āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸāĻ•াāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ে āĻ¤ৈāĻ°ি āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻŦিāĻĒāĻ°ীāĻ¤ে āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŽাāĻ¨ে āĻ¯ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ°ূāĻĒāĻ°েāĻ–া āĻŦা āĻāĻœেāĻ¨্āĻĄা āĻĒāĻ°িāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¨ā§Ÿ।āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ি āĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻļāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ“ āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯াāĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ¯āĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¨।

āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¨াāĻ•ি āĻĒুāĻ¨āĻ°্āĻ˛িāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŦে āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ¨িā§ŸেāĻ“ āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ো āĻ¸্āĻĒāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ।

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ – ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡ā§ŸুāĻŦ-āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻšিā§ŸাāĻ° āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ী āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤ি āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ°āĻšিāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŽāĻ¨ে āĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ āĻŦāĻ•্āĻ¤āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŸি āĻ…āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯। āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ী āĻ¸্āĻŦৈāĻ°āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ• āĻ—োāĻ˛াāĻŽ āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ, āĻ‡āĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ¨্āĻĻাāĻ° āĻŽিāĻ°্āĻœা, āĻ†āĻ‡ā§ŸুāĻŦ āĻ–াāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻšিā§Ÿা āĻ–াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¨āĻœিāĻ°āĻŦিāĻšীāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻ™্āĻ˜āĻ¨, āĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ°িāĻ•-āĻŦেāĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ°িāĻ• āĻ†āĻŽāĻ˛াāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻĒāĻ¤ি āĻļাāĻ¸িāĻ¤ āĻ¸্āĻŦৈāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻšাāĻ˛ু āĻāĻŦং āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§ŸাāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ§াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤্āĻ¯া āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻœāĻŦাāĻŦেāĻ‡ āĻ›ā§ŸāĻĻāĻĢা āĻ“ āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻāĻ¸েāĻ›ে। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻ“ā§ŸেāĻ¸্āĻŸ āĻŽিāĻ¨āĻˇ্āĻŸাāĻ°ে āĻšাāĻœাāĻ° āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ে āĻšāĻ°্āĻšিāĻ¤ āĻœāĻ¨āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻ¨িāĻ§িāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ“ āĻœāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ• āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻ†āĻ¤্āĻ¨ীāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¯েāĻŸিāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻļ্āĻ°ুāĻ¤ি ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§Ŧ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāĻ˛ো। āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ী āĻ¸াāĻŽāĻ°িāĻ• āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°েāĻ° āĻŽাāĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻšāĻ¤্āĻ¯া āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨। āĻ¸ুāĻ¤āĻ°াং āĻāĻŸি āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ°েāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ‡ā§ŸুāĻŦ-āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻšিā§ŸাāĻ° āĻĒাāĻ•িāĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻ¨ী āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨ā§Ÿ।

āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে, āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ“ā§ŸেāĻ¸্āĻŸāĻŽিāĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻŸাāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ো āĻ”āĻĒāĻ¨িāĻŦেāĻļিāĻ• āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻŦেāĻ›ে āĻ¨িāĻ¤ে āĻšāĻ˛ো āĻ•েāĻ¨। āĻ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨āĻŸি ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•েāĻ“ āĻāĻ¸েāĻ›ে। āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻ­াāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻļাāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ļā§¯, ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§¯ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§­ āĻāĻ° āĻ§াāĻ°াāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ¸ংāĻ¸ংāĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻ°্āĻŦāĻ­ৌāĻŽāĻ¤্āĻŦেāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšেā§Ÿে āĻ—ুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻāĻ˛ীā§Ÿ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻļোāĻ§āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻ“ā§ŸেāĻ¸্āĻŸ āĻŽিāĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻŸাāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻĢিāĻ°ে āĻ¯াāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻŽে āĻ†āĻŽাāĻĻেāĻ° āĻāĻĻেāĻļে āĻ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤্āĻ¯āĻ“ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে।

āĻ¤ৃāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻ—ুāĻ°ুāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇ, āĻ¯াāĻ°া āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›েāĻ¨ āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤াāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨ি।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻŽāĻ¨েāĻ•āĻ°ি āĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŸা āĻŦিāĻ­্āĻ°াāĻ¨্āĻ¤িāĻ•āĻ°। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•, āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ–āĻ¸ā§œা āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨, āĻāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻš্āĻŦাāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻŦিāĻšাāĻ° āĻŦিāĻŦেāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ• āĻŦā§œ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻ¸āĻ°ে āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•েāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°্āĻ¯āĻŦিāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖী āĻĒā§œāĻ˛ে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ, āĻ¸ংāĻ–্āĻ¯াāĻ˛āĻ˜ু āĻŽāĻ¤েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸্āĻ¯āĻ°া āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻŽāĻ¤াāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ—ৃāĻšীāĻ¤ āĻ¨া āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ“, āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ•ে āĻ¤াঁāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖেāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°্āĻ¯াāĻĒ্āĻ¤ āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ—েāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ…āĻ•āĻĒāĻŸে āĻ¸্āĻŦীāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯োāĻĻ্āĻ§াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ­েāĻ¤āĻ° āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ—āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§ী āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻœাāĻ¸āĻĻে āĻ¯োāĻ— āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§িāĻ¤া āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›েāĻ¨। āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ§াঁāĻšেāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§িāĻ¤া āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›েāĻ¨, āĻŦৈāĻœ্āĻžাāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ°েāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨, āĻ°াāĻˇ্āĻŸ্āĻ°āĻŦিāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŽাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāĻ° āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻĒিāĻĒāĻ˛āĻ¸ āĻ†āĻ°্āĻŽি-āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ›েāĻ¨।

āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤াā§Ÿ āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ,āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া āĻŦৈāĻœ্āĻžাāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻ•ি, āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦাā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ো āĻ¸্āĻĒāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ¨āĻ¨ি। āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻĻেāĻļেāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ§াāĻ°াāĻ° āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨িāĻ¤িāĻ¤েāĻ“ āĻœাāĻ¸āĻĻ āĻ¸েāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°েāĻ¨ি। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻ āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ¤াāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ…āĻŖুāĻ˜āĻŸāĻ• āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻ†āĻŦিāĻ°্āĻ­ূāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“, āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšিāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ‡ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŸি āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ—িāĻ•āĻ¤া āĻšাāĻ°াā§Ÿ। ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖেāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻ•āĻŸ āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻ¸েāĻŸি āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻŽুāĻ¸āĻ˛িāĻŽ āĻ˛ীāĻ— āĻ¸āĻš āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻŦিāĻ°োāĻ§ী āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ¨িāĻ¤ে āĻ¨া āĻĒাāĻ°াāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে।āĻāĻŸি ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¤া āĻšāĻ˛েāĻ“, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻĒুāĻ¨ঃāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻĒিāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¨ীāĻ¤ি, āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°্āĻŽ āĻ¨িāĻ°āĻĒāĻ•েāĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤া, āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻ˛ী āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻ¤াāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¸ে। āĻŽুāĻ˛āĻ¨ীāĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŸা āĻ¸্āĻ¤িāĻŽিāĻ¤ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻŦিāĻ¤āĻ°্āĻ• āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ো āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ˛েāĻ“, ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ¸ংāĻ¸āĻĻীā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¤āĻ¨্āĻ¤্āĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻĢিāĻ°ে āĻ¯াāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āĻ˛ীāĻ—, āĻŦিāĻāĻ¨āĻĒি-āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻĻāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤্āĻ¯েāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻŽুāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻŸিāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻœাāĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻˇ্āĻ িāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে।

āĻšāĻ¤ুāĻ°্āĻĨ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ি āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻŦāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻāĻ˛িāĻŸ āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻĢাāĻ°েāĻ¨্āĻ¸ āĻšিāĻ¸েāĻŦে āĻāĻ¸েāĻ›ে। āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ¸েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻ¨া। āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŸি āĻšাāĻĒিā§Ÿে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে।

āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া āĻ¸্āĻŦীāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ি “āĻāĻ˛িāĻŸ āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻĢাāĻ°েāĻ¨্āĻ¸” āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻāĻ•াāĻĄেāĻŽিāĻ• āĻŽāĻšāĻ˛ে āĻœāĻ¨āĻĒ্āĻ°িā§Ÿ। āĻ­াāĻ°āĻ¤ীā§Ÿ āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĻাāĻ°্āĻļāĻ¨িāĻ• āĻĒাāĻ°্āĻĨ āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻŸাāĻ°্āĻœিāĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸াāĻŦ āĻ…āĻ˛্āĻŸাāĻ°্āĻ¨ āĻ¸্āĻŸাāĻĄিāĻœেāĻ° āĻ¸্āĻ•āĻ˛াāĻ°āĻ°া āĻœোāĻ° āĻĻিā§ŸেāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨, āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸িāĻĻ্āĻ§াāĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻĒāĻ˛িāĻŸিāĻ•্āĻ¯াāĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛িāĻŸāĻ°া āĻ¨েā§Ÿ। āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ¨্āĻ¤িāĻ• āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻ¸েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ¨েā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ•āĻŽ। āĻ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻŸি āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া āĻĻেāĻ¨ āĻŽূāĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœেāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤া āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো, āĻļিāĻ•্āĻˇা, āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¸āĻš āĻ¨াāĻ¨া āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ—েāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤াā§Ÿ āĻŽাāĻ¨ুāĻˇেāĻ° āĻ°াāĻœāĻ¨ৈāĻ¤িāĻ• āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§Ÿাā§Ÿ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖে āĻŦাāĻ§াāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ‡āĻ™্āĻ—িāĻ¤āĻ•āĻ°ে। āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸াāĻŽাāĻœিāĻ• āĻ°ূāĻĒাāĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨। āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ, āĻŦাāĻ¸্āĻ¤āĻŦে āĻ¤েāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤াāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽাāĻœ āĻŦিāĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–া āĻŦা āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ…āĻ¨েāĻ•āĻŸাāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ। āĻ¸েāĻŸি ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ¯েāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো, ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§ĒāĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻ¤েāĻŽāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻ†āĻ›ে।

āĻ‰āĻ˛্āĻŸো āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ে āĻ—েāĻ˛ে āĻŦāĻ°্āĻ¤āĻŽাāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ¸ংāĻ¸্āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻšেā§Ÿে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇāĻĻ āĻ¯োāĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¯োāĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤িāĻ¨িāĻ§িāĻ¤্āĻŦāĻŽুāĻ˛āĻ•, āĻĻেāĻļāĻœ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāĻŸি āĻ˜েঁāĻˇা āĻ›িāĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖেāĻ° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āĻ°āĻšāĻŖেāĻ° āĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĒ্āĻ°াā§ŸোāĻ—িāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨা āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛াāĻĒ āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨াāĻ“ āĻāĻ¤ে āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ¨েā§ŸাāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ¸াāĻ§াāĻ°āĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ†āĻ—্āĻ°āĻšী āĻ¯ে āĻ•াāĻ°ো āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻŽ্āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ›িāĻ˛ো āĻ•িāĻ¨া। āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāĻ°ে āĻāĻ¤িāĻšাāĻ¸িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ¤্āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻ¤্āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে, āĻš্āĻ¯াঁ।

āĻ¸্āĻĒāĻˇ্āĻŸāĻ¤āĻ‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖā§ŸāĻ¨েāĻ° “āĻ—āĻ˛āĻĻ” āĻ¸ংāĻ•্āĻ°াāĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°োāĻ˛্āĻ˛িāĻ–িāĻ¤ āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŸা āĻ¨া āĻŦুāĻĻ্āĻ§িāĻ­িāĻ¤্āĻ¤িāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ¤া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ¤োāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻ¸āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¤াāĻ°āĻšেā§Ÿে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšাāĻ¨ āĻŽুāĻ•্āĻ¤িāĻ¯ুāĻĻ্āĻ§েāĻ° ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ˛āĻ•্āĻˇ āĻļāĻšীāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ¤েāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ—ā§œে āĻ‰āĻ া ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāĻ°িāĻˇāĻĻে āĻŽূāĻ˛ āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŖেāĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§িāĻ•াāĻ° āĻ“ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ•্āĻ°িā§ŸাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻš্āĻ›āĻ¨্āĻ¨āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨āĻŦিāĻĻ্āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•্āĻˇ্āĻ¯ে āĻ¤োāĻ˛া āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻŽাāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে। āĻ āĻ˛েāĻ–াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°্āĻŦে āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°া ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¸ংāĻŦিāĻ§াāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¯ে “āĻ¤্āĻ°ুāĻŸি”āĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ¸āĻ¨াāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ†āĻ˛োāĻšāĻ¨া āĻ•āĻ°াāĻ° āĻšেāĻˇ্āĻŸা āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦো।

Saturday, October 26, 2024

The Reform Agenda: Are We Missing Something?

 

The Reform Agenda: Are We Missing Something?

 

Dr M Jashim Ali Chowdhury

Lecturer in Law, University of Hull, UK

Published in: The Daily Observer, Dhaka, 26 October 2024

Link: https://www.observerbd.com/news/496552

 

REFORM seems to be a recurring theme of our national life. In 1972, our founding fathers promised a clean break from the twenty-four-year-long abusive presidential rule of the Pakistani military establishment. They promised a parliamentary democracy enshrined by some foundational pillars of constitutionalism. It did not serve us. In 1975, they preached “a second revolution” and transformed the system into a one-party presidential dictatorship. Months later, the country fell into bloodshed, and utter chaos. The 1976-79 period was full of constitutional reform, revision and rewriting. Constitutional ideals were tweaked, and multi-party politics was brought back but the presidential system endured. The 1980s also oversaw bloodshed and another military coup. Military rulers suspended the Constitution, changed its fundamental principles, tweaked its institutional design, created new political parties, rehabilitated some old ones and undertook high-profile anti-corruption drives. However, the presidential autocracy, corruption, vote rigging and pollution of politics did not stop.  The country oversaw the first significant mass upsurge in 1990. The military rule was discredited and the prospect of civilian rule ushered.

 

In 1991, a promising institution of election-time caretaker government was born and the parliamentary system returned. However, bipartisan politics became competitively authoritarian, conflictive, violent and conspiracy-laden. Regular transfer of power became a very big ask. The caretaker government proved a breathing space for democratic sustenance. The parliamentary system, however, failed to remedy the problems of non-accountability, corruption, and the cartelisation, criminalisation and personalisation of politics. The election-time caretaker government apart, there was no sign of institution-building in other areas of governance, accountability and justice. Local government, anti-corruption commission, election commission, judiciary, bureaucracy and parliament – all succumbed to the invincible dictatorship of the government – particularly the prime minister. By 2006, the caretaker government also was brought to its knees.

 

In 2007, the military returned to the scene and promised the nation to fix its problems once and for all. The 2006-2007 government initiated another round of anti-corruption drive, loaded a thinly veiled attack on the political parties and attempted a much-hyped “minus-two” solution. However, the initial zeal faded within one and a half years. The military leadership had to hand over the power. They, however, remarkably separated the lower judiciary and brought significant reform around the Election Commission’s powers and structure. Notable reforms were pressed in the Anti-Corruption Commission and other accountability institutions. In 2009, a political party came to power by laying down a hugely popular "Din Bodoler Sonod". However, the days went from bad to worse. For the next sixteen years, Bangladesh went through the longest stretch of one-party dominance and authoritarian premiership in its history.

 

In 2024, history repeated itself through another round of bloodshed, agonising violence, street agitation and a mass upsurge. With an “interim government” in power, there is now another drive for reform in almost every sector of the state, including the Constitution. Key issues in the agenda are strikingly similar to what we have seen time and again since our independence – institution building, accountability, rule of law, independence of the judiciary, free and fair elections and corruption-free governance. Some are blaming the Constitution’s foundational principles for all our enduring problems. They want to rewrite them, forgetting that we made, unmade and remade those at least four times in the past – 1975, 1979, 1988 and 2011. Others argue that the constitutional design is flawed. They want to overhaul it, again forgetting that we made, unmade and remade it at least five times in the past – 1975, 1979, 1992, 1996 and 2011. Academic researchers usually blame the lack of “political will” and “democratic instrumental vision” among the political leaders. However, nobody seems to seriously talk about the political parties themselves.

 

Since its birth, Bangladesh had at least three clear moments of fresh starts – 1972, 1991 and 2009. On each of these occasions, the political parties and their leaders inherited the best possible institutional arrangements and political consensus. However, they failed us miserably on every occasion. They unmade whatever progress was there and then consolidated and perpetuated their powers. Now that they are again proposing and promising a stitch or two here and there, 31 points, 10 points, etc., the bigger question is - Could we trust them anymore?

 

Constitutional designs of ‘institutions, structures, organizations and legal framework’ are meant to enable the state to function as a self-governing system. However, it is the political parties who operate, rather say spoil,  it. Surprisingly for Bangladesh, parties have always lived beyond the limits and rules of the Constitution. Renowned political scientist Richard Pildes has shown that constitutions can deal with parties in at least three ways. It can ensure equal access to democratic competition and proportionate access to state finance for all. Next, it can create minority safeguards within the institutions such as parliament and protect the parties against unconstitutional bans. Lastly, it can ensure that parties themselves are internally democratic and accessible to the people (Richard Pildes, ‘Foreword: The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics’ (2004) 118 (1) Harvard Law Review 1).

 

The 2024 reform window must ensure that political parties are brought into the constitutional framework of democratic accountability.  It must address the historically ignored questions - how the parties form and behave, where they get their money from, where they spend it, how they choose their leaders, and how they answer the people. Missing a conversation on this key issue of democratic accountability, how can we rest assured that the reforms of 2024 will be respected by the internally undemocratic political parties and their parochial leaders?




The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh

The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh by M Jashim Ali Chowdhury, 18 November 2024 Idea International, Constitutionn...