Tuesday, November 19, 2024

The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh


The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh


by M Jashim Ali Chowdhury, 18 November 2024
Idea International, Constitutionnet, Voices from the Field Report


After protests that led to the fall of an authoritarian government, Bangladesh’s current interim government has established ten reform commissions, including one on the constitution. The Constitution Reform Commission faces the daunting challenge of setting an agenda while navigating multiple dilemmas of mandate, inclusivity and sustainability. The country’s constitution has already experienced a rollercoaster ride through various amendments, and its ideological pillars—democracy, socialism, secularism, and nationalism—have been intensely contested. Further, the parliamentary structure of government has enabled a form of prime ministerial dictatorship, while the country’s political parties have remained non-democratic and temperamentally authoritarian, with little sign of willingness to evolve. How the Commission addresses these issues will be critical as Bangladesh faces another defining moment in its constitutional journey – writes M Jashim Ali Chowdhury


Quota reform protest in Bangladesh with a sign reading "Not quotas, merit!" 
(photo credit: Rayhan9d via Wikimedia Commons)


Introduction

Bangladesh’s constitutional journey has been a tumultuous one, marked by profound ideological shifts, political upheavals, and a series of amendments that have both shaped and distorted its foundational principles. Since gaining independence in 1971, the country has grappled with defining its constitutional identity amid extreme political contestation.

The 1972 Bangladesh Constitution — celebrated by some as ‘the best and most eloquent instance of . . . [the people’s] self-expression as a nation’ — adopted a Westminster parliamentary system. It was based on four foundational pillars of nationalism, secularism, democracy and socialism. However, in 1975, it was radically transformed into a national party-led presidential system, soon to be overthrown by a coup leading to military rule. Subsequent military regimes amended the constitution drastically, re-introducing multi-party politics but retaining the presidential system, removing references to socialism and secularism, and shifting from Bangalee nationalism—which emphasized the Bengali ethnic and linguistic identity—towards a Bangladeshi nationalism and Islamic values. In 1982, another military coup led to the reimposition of martial law. Though parliamentary democracy was restored in 1991, it failed to stabilize the political landscape due to mutual distrust among the ruling and opposition parties, suppression of intra-party dissent and parliamentary opposition, violent street agitation, election rigging, and back-door conspiracies for ascending or clinging to power, which eventually became the norm.

The introduction of a non-party caretaker government system in 1996 aimed to ensure fair elections. However, it was later manipulated and ultimately repealed in 2011, leading to legitimacy crises in subsequent elections marred by allegations of misconduct. In 2024, widespread protests—initially sparked by demands for reform of civil service quotas— culminated in the fall of the authoritarian Awami League (AL) government.

An “interim” government, endorsed by protest leaders, first established six reform commissions focusing on the judiciary, bureaucracy, police, electoral system, anti-corruption, and most prominently, the constitution. Later, the government formed four more reform commissions on health care, mass media, and labour and women’s rights. Among the ten commissions, the Constitutional Reform Commission faces the most significant dilemmas stemming from Bangladesh’s decades-long political contestation around constitutional ideals and design. Central to these challenges is the ongoing battle around the constitutional ideals of secularism, socialism, and nationalism, which have perpetuated divisions within society. The Commission must also find a workable and sustainable balance in the constitutional design that has often been blamed for giving rise to authoritarianism.


What Reforms are on the Table?
Bangladesh’s Constitution of 1972 was modelled on a UK-style parliamentary system combined with a US-style “strong form” of judicial review that allows the Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of legislation. The President acts as a ceremonial head of state bound by the Prime Minister’s advice. The Prime Minister, the leader of the majority party, is accountable to the parliament. However, a paradoxical provision—Article 70—forces MPs to vote strictly on the party line or lose their parliamentary seats. Though the framers of the Constitution defended it as a stabilising measure against the frequent fall of governments, the provision has allegedly taken partisan whipping to an extreme level, paving the way for a prime ministerial dictatorship. Though the judicial branch has been granted substantial independence in the Constitution, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh has been severely politicised, while the subordinate courts are controlled by the executive branch. The Election Commission and other integrity institutions have also been subordinated to the government.

During the civil service quota reform movement, the student protesters had no other reform agenda. Most of the reform demands were voiced by civil society groups calling for transparency, accountability and orderly transfer of powers during the AL regime’s sixteen-year-long rule. After the fall of the AL government on 5 August 2024, student protesters accelerated their push for constitutional reform. Alongside calls for adopting an entirely new constitution, there are proposals for reducing the prime minister’s powers and balancing them with those of the president, term limits for the prime minister, establishing a bicameral legislature, and even changing the parliamentary system to presidential.

Currently, AL, arguably the country’s largest political party, is not expected—and perhaps not welcome—to submit any proposal. The second of the Big Two—the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)—published a 31-point reform agenda in 2023, which resonates with issues such as depoliticizing appointments in the higher judiciary, election commission, and other accountability institutions; creating a bicameral legislature; introducing a two-term limit for the prime minister; restoring the election-time caretaker government; and reviving Bangladeshi nationalism. The Jamaat Islami (JI), the third-largest party and arguably the chief beneficiary of this regime change, has come out with its own 10-point reform proposal, including a shift to a proportional representation (PR) system rather than the current first-past-the-post (FPTP) system. It has been argued that the PR system may ensure fairer and more credible representation in the parliament and government, as the FPTP system often disproportionately benefits the Big Two—AL and BNP. Interestingly the JI has remained silent about the fate of the foundational pillars of the Constitution, particularly secularism.


"Parties being the chief constitutional actors, any constitutional reform that does not require the political parties to be internally democratic is likely to fall flat . . ."


The BNP and JI’s reform proposals are also silent on the daunting task of professionalizing the bureaucracy and making it accountable to the legislature. Another conspicuous omission in the conversation is internal reform within the political parties themselves. Parties being the chief constitutional actors, any constitutional reform that does not require the political parties to be internally democratic is likely to fall flat once the patriarchal party leaders take the reins of power in the future. In the past, Bangladeshi political parties have almost universally abused their constitutional amendment powers for their partisan and coterie interests.


The Dilemmas
The Constitution Reform Commission faces at least four major dilemmas. The first one is whether to reform the existing constitution or adopt a new one. As Professor Ngoc Son Bui outlines, arguments to replace a constitution may stem more from ideological inclination than a genuine need for structural realignment. Understandably, the student protest leaders' enthusiasm for replacing the 1972 Constitution appears to arise from their doubts about its foundational principles. If the student leaders’ zeal for constitutional replacement is acted upon, it will surely reopen the old wounds of the ideological battle. Despite the AL’s fall, there remains deep societal reverence for the liberation war and its ideals. Currently, there are no serious demands from the political parties to write a new constitution. Instead, opposition to the idea of constitutional replacement and the demand for transferring power to the people’s elected representatives are growing. It appears that the opportunity cost of making a new constitution could be higher than the protest leaders anticipate. Unchained from over 50 years of Bangladesh Supreme Court constitutional jurisprudence, a new constitution will risk further replacement, particularly if the AL comes back to power, which is not at all impossible. Opening the door to frequent constitutional replacements may make the foundation of constitutionalism shaky—particularly risky for societies as divided as Bangladesh.


"As seen in 1972, excluding the Islamist and conservative forces from the constitution-making process left a deep participation gap, undermining the constitution’s longer-term endurance."


The second challenge for the Commission centers on participation and inclusivity, again originating from the ousted AL regime and its huge social base. How can the Commission achieve a reform acceptable to all while simply ignoring the AL? As seen in 1972, excluding the Islamist and conservative forces from the constitution-making process left a deep participation gap, undermining the constitution’s longer-term endurance. Ironically, the same seems to be the case this time. A relatively pragmatic approach could be to show ‘an optimal level of constitutional deference’ to ideologically contested issues and focus on the 1972 Constitution's design flaws only. However, there are signs that the student leaders might not be interested in this. Therefore, the reform initiative carries a visible Achilles’ heel.

The third question for the Commission is how to materialise the reforms. There is a perception that the Commission’s eight members—primarily practicing lawyers and legal academics connected with a single Bangladeshi university, the University of Dhaka—and the chairperson, who is on deputation from a U.S. university, lack the representativeness needed to dictate something as significant as the constitution of a country. Considering that the 1972 Constitution was drafted and adopted by a democratically elected 469-member Constituent Assembly, a strong argument can be made that this reform commission does not have the democratic mandate to replace or amend it. It has been proposed that any constitutional reform or replacement in Bangladesh must be pursued through democratic and participatory processes such as a constituent assembly, elected parliament or referendum. Although the interim government has declared that it will take the Commission’s proposals to the political parties (excluding the AL and its allies) and consult them before finalising the reform packages, it is not clear when and how the reform will be executed. The BNP has demanded that the Commission simply prepare a set of recommendations and leave the reforms to an elected parliament. While this strategy might facilitate some sort of political compromise between the parties, the student protesters and the interim government do not seem to be very enthusiastic about this idea. Moreover, uncertainty persists over which political parties or coalitions may come to power through the next election and how the interim government would negotiate with them. The most uncertain is the tenure of the interim government and when the election would be held.

"[T]here are some legitimate questions looming around the interim government’s own commitment to the reforms that it advocates . . ."


Fourthly, there are some legitimate questions looming around the interim government’s own commitment to the reforms that it advocates. Pending the work and recommendations of the reform commissions on the judiciary, electoral system, anti-corruption, police, public administration, and mass media, the government has sent some acting Supreme Court judges into forced leave and appointed new ones seemingly for political reasons, constituted a Search Committee under an AL-made law for appointing a new Election Commission, dismissed trainee police officers in controversial ways, forced the entire public service commission and anti-corruption commission to resign and reconstituted those with individuals of its own choosing. The government’s decision to cancel the accreditation of around sixty journalists has drawn protest from international press freedom bodies. All these actions raise critical questions about the government’s sincerity regarding its reform commitments and could potentially shake the moral base of those reforms in future.

Conclusion

Bangladesh is one of the world’s busiest laboratories of constitutional experiments. Fifty-three years into its constitutional beginning, the country has seen different types of governments: parliamentary government with one-party dominance (1972-75), a one-party presidential government (1975), rule by several military governments (1975-90), several election-time non-party caretaker governments (1991, 1996 and 2001), several parliamentary governments in a competitive multi-party system (1991-96, 1996-2001, 2001-06, 2009-13), a military-backed government (2007-08), a long stretch of one-party monopoly (2009-24) and currently, an extra-constitutional “interim” government (2024). The seemingly never-ending cycle of political instability illustrates how difficult the burdens of the Constitutional Reform Commission are—both in terms of its mandate and the sustainability of its efforts. The Commission must navigate these historical wounds, balance its seemingly ominous reform agenda, and overcome the dilemmas if it is to forge a path toward a more stable and inclusive constitutional order. With the critical challenges identified above, only the future can answer what it brings and how it sustains.

M Jashim Ali Chowdhury PhD is Lecturer in Law at the University of Hull, United Kingdom.

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Suggested citation: M Jashim Ali Chowdhury, ‘The Agenda and Dilemmas of Constitutional Reform in Bangladesh’, ConstitutionNet, International IDEA, 18 November 2024, https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/agenda-and-dilemmas-constitutional-reform-bangladesh

Friday, November 15, 2024

In defence of the original constitution

[In October and November 2024, Sifat Tasneem and I wrote a three-part series on Lawyer'sClub[dot]com calling the attempt to abrogate the 1972 Constitution suicidal. In the third part (2 November 2024), we specifically presented our arguments for constitutional stability and continuity. The English version of that part is published today (15 November 2024) on the editorial page of the Daily Observer newspaper. We welcome your interest in this issue.]

In defence of the original constitution

Dr M Jashim Ali Chowdhury & Sifat Tasnim*

Published in the Daily Observer. Friday, 15 November 2024


On the eve of its 52nd anniversary, Bangladesh's original Constitution faces an existential threat. Debate is intense whether we amend or abrogate it. Multifaceted arguments and narratives are being offered for its abolition and replacement. Given the context, it is very important that all sides of the debate are aired and heard with equal emphasise. In this piece, we argue that the idea of a new constitution will do more harm than good to the country. We have several reasons to do so.

First, the proponents of the "New Constitution" argue that no fundamental changes can be made by amending the current Constitution for some of its stumbling blocks - the basic structures. However, it is not abundantly clear which potential reforms would likely offend the basic structures of the 1972 Constitution, the prominent of which are democracy, judicial independence, separation of powers, rule of law, accountable governance, etc. It has been hypothetically argued that reforms like bicameral parliament and a federal- presidential system might be invalidated by the Supreme Court citing the unitary character of the original Constitution (Anwar Hossain Chowdhury v Bangladesh 1989 BLD (Spl) 1). While the uncertainty and fluidity around the Bangladesh Supreme Court's basic structure doctrine (BSD) is not unheard, reinstating the Referendum Clause in Article 142 should provide a democratic check on judicial fluidity with the BSD. So far, there is no single precedent of invalidating constitutional amendments made through the referendum process. Rather, Justice Habibur Rahman pointed out, in Anwar Hossain Chowdhury v Bangladesh, that had the 8th Amendment (1988) gone through a Referendum, the outcome of that case would have been different. Moreover, if the BSD is the main hesitation, it must not be forgotten that a new constitution as a whole is not immune from the BSD-inspired judicial challenge, particularly when the current Constitution includes an eternity clause (article 7B) and a sedition clause (article 7A).

Next, it is argued that the 1972 Constitution cannot be amended due to its unamendability clause (article 7B). However, a sensible approach to the 7B hurdle is to challenge it vis-a-vis the 1972 Constitution's basic structure. If the Constitution itself is abrogated, instead of challenging the article 7B, there is a risk that the reformers may later be accused under article 7A (offence of sedition). The pragmatic strategy should be to process the constitutional reforms through the existing processes and safeguards rather than falling into the article 7A's trap.

The third argument is quite revolutionary. It is said that radical changes must come through the exercise of the constituent power, not the amendment power. This argument is unlikely to be supported by established constitutional theories. In comparative constitutional studies, there is extensive literature on constitutional renewal, dismemberment, and revolutionary constitutionalism which acknowledge that the constituent power (the power of the people to write the constitution) can also be exercised while amending constitutions.

Periodic fresh starts with constitutions usually undermine their long-term viability. A durable, continuous, and long-lived constitution may not be perfect, but it acquires an internal resilience rooted in its established jurisprudence. With that strength, judges and lawyers resist unconstitutional and abusive amendments. While some undemocratic amendments may not be immediately challenged due to political circumstances (such as the abolition of the caretaker government in 2011), they are bound to be challenged in the future (which is being done now). Even if some amendments are never challenged (such as the Fourth Amendment of 1975), they are bound to be lost in the historical process. Common sense tells us, you should not uproot the great banyan to sow the new saplings, until you really have to.

Now, if Bangladesh is to venture their paths, it risks sliding towardsrecurringphases of constitutional replacements in the future. The "New Constitution" will likely carry a constant existential threat in the short and long run. It will likely prove an easier task for the later regimes to abolish or replace it rather than going through thetroublesome path of amendments and judicial reviews. It'salways easier to draft a new Constitution and ask the judges of the court to take fresh oaths under that.

We acknowledge that there are some valid criticisms of the 1972 Constitution, but its greatest strength perhaps is its structural design - the parliamentary form of government, endorsed by a political consensus in 1992. It has withstood 53 years-long politics of assassinations, coups, military rule, authoritarian party government, abusive amendments, and experiments.

If comparative constitutional history is a lesson - the more the constitutional replacement, the less constitutions thrive. In South Asia, the Constitution of Pakistan was written thrice - 1956, 1962, and 1973. Afghanistan's Constitution was also written three times - in 1923, 1964, and 2004. In 2021, the Taliban simply withered the 2004 Constitution away. Sri Lanka had two - 1972 and 1978. Myanmar had three - 1947, 1974, and 2008. Myanmar military junta ruled the country without a Constitution for twenty years - from 1988 to 2008. Despite several fresh starts, Pakistan and Myanmar could not escape the grip of the military establishment. Myanmar and Sri Lanka endure the fiercest civil wars, due to their constitutional instability around ethnic power-sharing arrangements. Sri Lanka's replacement of the parliamentary system with a presidential system has created constant tension between the President and the Prime Minister causing constitutional breakdown on multiple occasions.

Now, if Bangladesh is to venture their paths, it risks sliding towards recurring phases of constitutional replacements in the future. The "New Constitution" will likely carry a constant existential threat in the short and long run. It will likely prove an easier task for the later regimes to abolish or replace it rather than going through the troublesome path of amendments and judicial reviews. It's always easier to draft a new Constitution and ask the judges of the court to take fresh oaths under that.

Historically speaking, the 4th amendment of 1975 was a "new" Constitution in all its means and purposes - a "second revolution" they called it. Still, the promoters of that amendment did not say that they were replacing the 1972 Constitution. The constitutional reforms during 1976-79 defaced the 1972 Constitution unrecognizably. Still, they called those amendments rather than replacement. The 12th Amendment of 1992 caused fundamental realignment of governance structure. Still, no political party demanded a new constitution at that time. Former Chief Justice Mustafa Kamal called it the completion of a "full constitutional cycle ". The 15th Amendment of 2011 is another major structural and ideological realignment. Again, nobody called it a rewriting of the Constitution. We believe that those tendencies were not mere historical coincidences. At every moment of our constitutional transitions, the proponents of change valued the importance of constitutional continuity and endurance. It is because of this constitutional conservatism that Bangladesh has turned around again and again with its own identity and stood with in sharp contrast with countries struggling with the very idea of Constitution.

*Dr M Jashim Ali Chowdhury, Lecturer in Law, University of Hull, UK and Sifat Tasnim, Student of Law, Bangladesh Maritime University.



āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•: āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āϧাāϰাāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•āϤা āĻ“ āϏ্āĻĨা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ



āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•: āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āϧাāϰাāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•āϤা āĻ“ āϏ্āĻĨা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ


āĻĄ āĻāĻŽ āϜāϏিāĻŽ āφāϞী āϚৌāϧুāϰী
āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāώāĻ• āφāχāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āχāωāύিāĻ­াāϰ্āϏিāϟি āĻ…āĻŦ āĻšাāϞ, āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāϜ্āϝ

āϏিāĻĢাāϤ āϤাāϏāύীāĻŽ
āφāχāύ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨী, āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽেāϰিāϟাāχāĻŽ āχāωāύিāĻ­াāϰ্āϏিāϟি


āϏাāĻ•্āώাā§ŽāĻ•াāϰ / āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ ⧍ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē































āĻĄ āĻāĻŽ āϜāϏিāĻŽ āφāϞী āϚৌāϧুāϰী āĻ“ āϏিāĻĢাāϤ āϤাāϏāύীāĻŽ: ā§Ģ āĻ…āĻ—াāϏ্āϟেāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāϤ্āϰ-āĻĒāϤ্āϰিāĻ•া, āϏāĻ­া-āϏেāĻŽিāύাāϰ, āϟāĻ• āĻļো-āϤে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϝāϤ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻāϏেāĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ• āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ি। āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽোāϟাāĻŽুāϟি āĻĻুāχ āĻĻাāĻ—েāϰ। āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•িāĻ›ু “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ” āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে।

āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĻিāĻ•ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦা āĻ…āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āύেāĻ• “āϤ্āϰুāϟি”āϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āϤিāύ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύেāϰ “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ” āϝেāĻ—ুāϞো āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ি। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা “āϤ্āϰুāϟি” āĻ—ুāϞো āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ি। āĻāχ āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻ“ āĻļেāώ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϟিāϤে āφāĻŽāϰা āϤুāϞে āϧāϰāĻŦো āĻ•েāύ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖাāϟি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ­াāϞোāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āϰāĻŦে।

āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ, ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽাāϞোāϚāύা āφāĻ›ে। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāϟিāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻŦ⧜ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āĻāϟিāϰ āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰাāϞ āĻĄিāϜাāχāύ (āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ—āϤ āĻŦিāύ্āϝাāϏ) āϝেāϟি āĻŦেāĻļ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻāĻŦং āϝাāϰ āϜোāϰে āĻāϟি ā§Ģā§Š āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰে āĻšāϤ্āϝা, āĻ•্āϝু, āϏেāύাāĻļাāϏāύ āĻ“ āϚāϰāĻŽ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ…āϚāϞাāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻāĻŦং āĻ•াāϜেāϰ-āĻ…āĻ•াāϜেāϰ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύেāϰ āĻā§œ-āĻাāĻĒ্āϟা āϏ⧟ে āϟিāĻ•ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻāϟি āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āϏāϤ্āϝ āϝে, āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰা āĻŦা āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύে⧟াāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা⧟ āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻ—ুāϞোāχ āĻ•āĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻāĻļি⧟া⧟ āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ŧ, ⧧⧝ā§Ŧ⧍ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Š āϏাāϞে āϤিāύāĻŦাāϰ āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āφāĻĢāĻ—াāύিāϏ্āϤাāύেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāĻ“ āϤিāύāĻŦাāϰ āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে – ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§Š, ⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ē āĻāĻŦং ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ē āĻ। āĻļ্āϰীāϞংāĻ•া⧟ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ž āϏাāϞে āĻĻুāϟি āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–া āĻšā§Ÿ।āĻŽা⧟াāύāĻŽাāϰে ⧧⧝ā§Ēā§­, ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ē āĻāĻŦং ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§ŽāĻ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻĻেāĻļāϟিāϤে ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ž āĻšāϤে ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ•াāϞে āĻ•োāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāχ āĻ›িāϞো āύা।

āĻ āϚাāϰāϟি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟিāχ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ•āϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏুāĻĒ্āϰāϏিāĻĻ্āϧ āύ⧟। āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύ āϏেāύা āĻļাāϏāύেāϰ āĻ—্āϰাāϏ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻĒা⧟āύি। āφāĻĢāĻ—াāύিāϏ্āϤাāύেāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ē āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāϟি ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧ āϏাāϞে āϤাāϞেāĻŦাāύ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ›ুঁ⧜ে āĻĢেāϞেāĻ›ে। āĻĻেāĻļāϟিāϤে āĻāĻ–āύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦāϞে āĻ•োāύ āĻĻāϞিāϞ āύেāχ। āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦা⧟āϤ্āĻŦāĻļাāϏāύ āĻ“ āϤাāĻŽিāϞ-āϏিংāĻšāϞāĻŦিāϰোāϧেāϰ āϜেāϰে āĻļ্āϰীāϞংāĻ•াāϰ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻি⧟ে ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ž āϏাāϞে āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻĒāϤিāĻļাāϏিāϤ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύে⧟া āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰāχ āĻĻেāĻļāϟি āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•্āώ⧟ী āĻ—ৃāĻšāϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĒāϰে। āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻĒāϤি āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽাāĻ—āϤ āϟাāύাāĻĒ⧜েāύে āĻāϰ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ুāϰāχ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āĻŽা⧟াāύāĻŽাāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāĻšীāύ āϏেāύা āĻ“ āϜাāϤিāĻ—āϤ āύৈāϰাāϜ্āϝেāϰ āϭ⧟াāĻŦāĻšāϤāĻŽ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ।

āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļে ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē āϏাāϞে āĻāϏে āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ“ āϏুāϝোāĻ—েāϰ āϜোāϰে āύূāϤāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤি āϚাāϞু āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāϞে āϏেāϟি āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ–ুāϞে āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āφāĻ—েāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦāϞেāĻ›ি, āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āύিāĻ•াāĻļ āύা āĻ•āϰে āĻŦা āύা āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĸাāϞাāĻ“āĻ­াāĻŦে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞিāĻ–āϤে āĻŦāϞাāϰ āϜিāĻ—িāϰāϟা ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āϞāĻ•্āώ āĻļāĻšীāĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ—ā§œে āωāĻ া ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি, āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāĻŦোāϧāϜāύিāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻāĻ•āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻšিংāϏা, āφāĻ•্āϰোāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦিāϤৃāώ্āĻŖাāϤা⧜িāϤāĻŦāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāϤী⧟āĻŽাāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

āϏেāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āφāϞোāϚ্āϝ “āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ” āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāĻŽে⧟াāĻĻে āĻ…āϏ্āϤ্āĻŦিāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏংāĻ•āϟে āĻĒ⧜āϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻĒāϰে āφāϰ āĻ•েāω āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āϜāϟিāϞ āĻ“ āĻাāĻŽেāϞাāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒāĻĨে āϝাāĻŦেāύ āύা। āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰāϞে āφāĻĻাāϞāϤে āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĒ⧜āϤে āĻšā§Ÿ।āϤাāϰāϚে⧟ে āĻŦāϰং āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞিāĻ–ে āύি⧟ে āφāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āĻŦিāϚাāϰāĻ•āĻĻেāϰāĻ•েāχ āĻŦāϞা āϝা⧟, āĻāχ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāϟা āĻŽাāύাāϰ āĻļāĻĒāĻĨ āύিāύ।

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟āϤ, āĻ…āύেāĻ•ে āĻĻাāĻŦি āĻ•āϰāĻ›েāύ, āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āφāύা āϝাāĻŦেāύা। āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ āύীāϤিāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤীāϤে āĻ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻে⧟াāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে।

āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰি āĻ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻ…āĻ—āĻ­ীāϰ। āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻāϟা āĻŦোāϧāĻ—āĻŽ্āϝ āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύেāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦেāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āφāĻ›ে āϝেāĻ—ুāϞো ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒāύ্āĻĨী āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻŦāϞে āφāĻļāĻ™্āĻ•া āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻŦিāĻļেāώāϤ āφāĻ—েāϰ āĻĻুāχ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āφāϞোāϚāύা⧟ āϝে āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϤ্āϰুāϟিāĻ—ুāϞো āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং āϏেāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϝে āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟিāχ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāϤāĻŽ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো “āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰে”āϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏংāϘাāϤāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āύ⧟। āφāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āϰা⧟ āĻŽāϤেāχ āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা, āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ•ীāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āύীāϤি, āφāχāύেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύ, āϜāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāϤা ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ। āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟিāχ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϤ্āϰুāϟি āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰং āĻļāĻ•্āϤি।

āĻ…āύেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞāĻ›েāύ āĻĻুāχ āĻ•āĻ•্āώ āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ āϏংāϏāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—েāϞে (āϝেāϟি āĻ­াāϞো āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ) āĻŦা āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰী⧟ āϧাঁāϚেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰেāϏিāĻĄেāύ্āϏি⧟াāϞ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—েāϞে (āϝেāϟি āωāĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻĒ্āϤāĻŽ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϤে āĻŦāϞা āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻāϜāύāĻ•) āĻšā§ŸāϤো āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āϏেāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰেāϰ āĻĻোāĻšাāχ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāĻŦেāύ। āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āĻļāĻ•্āϤ āύ⧟। āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§§ā§Ē⧍ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻে āϝে āĻ—āĻŖāĻ­োāϟেāϰ āĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ›িāϞো āϏেāϟি āĻĒুāύāϰুāϜ্āϜীāĻŦিāϤ āĻšāϞে āĻāĻŦং āĻ—āĻŖāĻ­োāϟেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚিāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āύিāϞে āφāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা।

āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦāϟি āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āύাāύা āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύাāύা āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāϞেāύ āĻāϟি āϏāϤ্āϝ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻিāϤ āĻ•োāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āύāϜিāϰ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āύেāχ। āĻŦিāĻ–্āϝাāϤ āφāύো⧟াāϰ āĻšোāϏেāύ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা⧟ āĻŦāϰং āĻŦিāϚাāϰāĻĒāϤি āĻšাāĻŦিāĻŦুāϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽাāύ āχāĻ™্āĻ—িāϤ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ, ā§ŽāĻŽ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী āϰেāĻĢাāϰেāύ্āĻĄাāĻŽেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻšāϞে, āĻ“āχ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āĻ…āύ্āϝ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϤো। āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟োāĻ—িāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύিāϞে āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āϏেāϟিāϰāĻ“ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ āĻ–ুঁāϜāĻŦেāύ।

āϤৃāϤী⧟ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§­āĻ– āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āϝোāĻ—্āϝāϤাāϰ āĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻāϟি āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāĻŦে āύা। āĻāϟিāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, ā§­āĻ– āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻāĻ•েāχ āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒāύ্āĻĨী āĻŦāϞে āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰাāύোāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āφāĻ›ে। āϏেāϟি āύা āĻ•āϰে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāĻ•েāχ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻিāϤে āĻ—েāϞে āĻŦāϰং āĻĒāϰে ā§­āĻ• āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ (āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āĻĻ্āϰোāĻš)-āϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāϝোāĻ— āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ•āϟāĻ•ে āĻāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–োāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻšā§Ÿেāχ āĻŽোāĻ•াāĻŦেāϞা āĻ•āϰাāϟা āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻ­াāϞো āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞ। āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦেāϰি⧟ে āĻ—ি⧟ে āĻ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāĻ—ুāϞো āϏāĻŽāϧাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—েāϞে āφāϰো āĻ…āύেāĻ• āύāϤুāύ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻŦেāĻļ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϧাঁāϚেāϰ। āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ–োāϞāύāϞāϚে āĻĒাāϞ্āϟাāϤে āĻšāϞে āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা⧟ (Amendment Power) āĻšāĻŦে āύা, āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা (Constituent Power) āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ•াāϜāϟা āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ āφāχāύāϜ্āĻžāĻĻেāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻŦাāĻŽ āϘāϰাāύাāϰ āĻ•āĻŦি āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝিāĻ•āϰাāχ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›েāύ। āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা⧟ āĻ•āύāϏ্āϟিāϟিāωāĻļāύাāϞ āϰিāύিāĻ‰ā§ŸাāϞ, āĻĄিāϜāĻŽেāĻŽ্āĻŦাāϰāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻāĻŦং āϰেāĻ­āϞিāωāĻļāύাāϰী āĻ•āύāϏ্āϟিāϟিāωāĻļāύাāϞিāϜāĻŽ āύি⧟ে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϞেāĻ–াāϞেāĻ–ি āφāĻ›ে। āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻŽুāϞ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āĻ•āύ্āϏāϟিāϟু⧟েāύ্āϟ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ (āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা) āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽেāĻ“ āϚāϰ্āϚা āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟। āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦ⧜ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–া āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻ• āύ⧟। āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–া āĻ­াāϞো āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞāĻ“ āύ⧟।

āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϘāύ āϘāύ āĻŦāĻĻāϞাāϞে āĻāϰ āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āĻŽে⧟াāĻĻে āϟিāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āύāώ্āϟ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϧাāϰাāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻĻীāϰ্āϘা⧟ু āĻšāϞেāχ āĻŦেāĻļি āϟিāĻ•ে। āĻ“āχ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāĻ—ুāϞো āύিāĻ–ুঁāϤ āύা āĻšāϞেāĻ“, āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ েāĻ•াāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰāϞেāĻ“ āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟা āχāύ্āϟাāϰāύাāϞāϰেāϜিāϞি⧟েāύ্āϏ, āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āϜুāϰিāϏ্āĻĒ্āϰুāĻĄেāύ্āϏ āĻāϰ āĻļেāĻ•ā§œ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻ“āχ āϰেāϜিāϞি⧟েāύ্āϏ āĻ“ āĻļেāĻ•ā§œেāϰ āϜোāϰেāχ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰি āĻ“āχ āĻ“āχ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒāύ্āĻĨী, āĻ“āĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻ­েāĻĻে āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী āϤাā§ŽāĻ•্āώāĻŖিāĻ• āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻ•āϰা āύা āĻ—েāϞেāĻ“ (āϝেāĻŽāύ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦাāĻŦāϧা⧟āĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ), āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āĻŦিāϚাāϰে āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āφāĻĻাāϞāϤে āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĒ⧜āϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ। āĻ•োāύ āĻ•োāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী āĻ•āĻ–āύো āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻ•āϰা āύা āĻšāϞেāĻ“ (āϝেāĻŽāύ āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী) āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒāϰিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽা⧟ āĻ“āĻ—ুāϞো āĻšাāϰি⧟ে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ। āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āĻļুāϧু āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāĻ•ে āϟিāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻĻে⧟া āĻāĻŦং āĻļেāĻ•ā§œ āĻ—āϜাāϤে āĻĻে⧟া। āĻļেāĻ•ā§œ āϏāĻš āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāύ āĻ…āĻļ্āĻŦāĻĨ āωāĻĒ⧜ে āĻĢেāϞে āύāϤুāύ āϚাāϰা āĻ—াāĻ› āϞাāĻ—ি⧟ে āύা āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝ āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟, āύা āϏāĻŦুāϜ।

āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে ā§Ēāϰ্āĻĨ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—েāϞে āĻāĻ•āϟা āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–া āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻ“āχ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϰ āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ•্āϤাāϰা āϏেāϟিāĻ•ে āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–া āĻŦāϞেāύāύি। āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ŧ-⧭⧝ āϏাāϞ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϜি⧟াāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—েāϞে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻāĻŦং ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϰ āϚেāĻšাāϰাāχ āĻĒাāϞ্āϟে āĻĻে⧟। āĻ“āϟাāĻ“ āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—েāϞে āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ “āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–া”। āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āϜি⧟া āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāϰ āĻĻāϞ āĻāϟাāĻ•ে āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦāϞেāύāύি। ⧧⧝⧝⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ ⧧⧍-āϤāĻŽ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĻেāĻļ āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻĒāϤিāĻļাāϏিāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāĻļাāϏিāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰে āĻĢেāϰāϤ āϝা⧟। āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦিāϚাāϰāĻĒāϤি āĻŽোāϏ্āϤāĻĢা āĻ•াāĻŽাāϞ āĻāϟাāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟা “āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϚāĻ•্āϰāĻĒূāϰāĻŖ” āĻŦāϞে āφāĻ–্āϝা⧟িāϤ āĻ•āϰেāύ। ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻ…āĻ­্āϝুāϤ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āĻĒāϰ ⧧⧍-āϤāĻŽ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāϤে āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āφāύে।āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻĻাāĻŦি āĻ•āϰেāύāύি। āϤাঁāϰা āϏংāĻļোāϧāύেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨাāχ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āϏাāϞেāϰ ā§§ā§Ģ-āϤāĻŽ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāĻ“ āφāϰেāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāϰাāϟāĻ•া⧟ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ—āϤ āĻ“ āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ। āϏেāĻŦাāϰāĻ“ āĻ•েāω āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāύāύি।

āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻ•āϰি, āĻāϏāĻŦ āϘāϟāύা āĻĒāϰāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰা āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ•āϤাāϞ āύ⧟। āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŦাঁāĻ•েāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ•্āϤাāϰা āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āϧাāϰাāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•āϤা āĻ“ āϏ্āĻĨা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ—ুāϰāϤ্āĻŦāĻ•ে āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ āύি। āĻ“āχ āĻ•āύ্āϏāϟিāϟিāĻļāύাāϞ āĻ•āύāϜাāϰāĻ­েāϟিāϜāĻŽেāϰ āϜোāϰেāχ āĻšā§ŸāϤো āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āύাāĻŽāĻ• āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāϟি āĻŦাāϰ āĻŦাāϰ āύিāϜেāϰ āφāϤ্āύāĻĒāϰিāϚ⧟ āύি⧟ে āϘুāϰে āĻĻাঁ⧜া⧟ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύ, āφāĻĢāĻ—াāύিāϏ্āϤাāύ, āĻļ্āϰীāϞংāĻ•া āĻŦা āĻŽা⧟াāύāĻŽাāϰেāϰ āϚে⧟ে āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻĨাāĻ•ে।

Thursday, October 31, 2024

āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•: ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ “āϤ্āϰুāϟি”





āĻĄ. āĻāĻŽ āϜāϏিāĻŽ āφāϞী āϚৌāϧুāϰী 
āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāώāĻ• āφāχāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āχāωāύিāĻ­াāϰ্āϏিāϟি āĻ…āĻŦ āĻšাāϞ, āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāϜ্āϝ 

āϏিāĻĢাāϤ āϤাāϏāύীāĻŽ
āφāχāύ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨী, āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽেāϰিāϟাāχāĻŽ āχāωāύিāĻ­াāϰ্āϏিāϟি



ā§Ģ āĻ…āĻ—াāϏ্āϟেāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāϤ্āϰ-āĻĒāϤ্āϰিāĻ•া, āϏāĻ­া-āϏেāĻŽিāύাāϰ, āϟāĻ• āĻļো-āϤে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϝāϤ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻāϏেāĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ• āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ি। āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽোāϟাāĻŽুāϟি āĻĻুāχ āĻĻাāĻ—েāϰ। āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•িāĻ›ু “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ” āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĻিāĻ•ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦা āĻ…āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āύেāĻ• “āϤ্āϰুāϟি”āϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āϤিāύ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύেāϰ “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ” āϝেāĻ—ুāϞো āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ি। āĻ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা āϤ্āϰুāϟিāĻ—ুāϞো āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦো। āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦে āϤুāϞে āϧāϰāĻŦো āĻ•েāύ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖাāϟি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ­াāϞোāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āϰāĻŦে।


⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŽোāϟাāĻŽুāϟি āĻ›ā§Ÿāϟি “āϤ্āϰুāϟি” āϧāϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤāĻ—ুāϞো āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļিāĻ•, āĻ•āϤāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĸাāϞাāĻ“ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āϤāĻ—ুāϞো āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ।

āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟা āĻĸাāϞাāĻ“। āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে “āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āϤāĻĨা ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĢ্āϝাāϏিāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āφঁāϤু⧜ āϘāϰ। āĻ“āχ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĢ্āϝাāϏিāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ েāĻ•াāύো āϝাāĻŦে āύা।

āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰি āĻ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟিāϤে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϚাāϰ āĻŽূāϞāύীāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻŦিāϤৃāώ্āĻŖা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĒা⧟। āφāĻŽāϰা āφāϤ্āύāĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĻাāĻŦী āĻ•āϰি āϝে, āĻĢ্āϝাāϏিāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻŦৈāϰāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ “āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ”, āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϚাāϰ āύীāϤি āĻŦা āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻ•োāύ āĻ­াāϰ্āϏāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϏে āύা। āĻĢ্āϝাāϏিāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻŦৈāϰāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āφāϏে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύিāĻ• āϜāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāϤাāϰ āϏংāĻ•āϟ āĻ“ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ—োঁ⧜াāϰ āĻ—āϞāĻĻ āĻĨেāĻ•ে। āĻĢ্āϝাāϏিāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ েāĻ•াāϤে āĻšāϞে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰāĻ•ে āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ“ āĻĻāϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āύāϜāϰ āĻĻিāϤেāĻšāĻŦে।

“āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāĻ•্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ āĻšāϞো, āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āϜুāϰিāϏ্āĻĒ্āϰুāĻĄেāύ্āϏে “āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āύাāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻĄāĻ•্āϟ্āϰিāύ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ āύা। āĻāϟি āϏāϤ্āϝ āϝে, ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻ™্āĻ—āĻŦāύ্āϧুāϰ āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰীāϰা āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϚাāϰ āύীāϤিāĻ•ে “āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϤুāϞে āϧāϰāϤেāύ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻāϰ āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϤেāχ āĻāχ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻļ্āϞোāĻ—াāύেāϰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āϘāϟে। ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļ-āϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ে āϰাāϜāύীāϤিāϤে āĻĢিāϰে āφāϏাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāϤে āφāϜ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āφāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āϞীāĻ—েāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώ āĻĨেāĻ•ে “āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟিāĻ•ে āĻŽāĻšিāĻŽাāύ্āĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻŦা āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•ি āĻāϟাāĻ•ে āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āϏিāĻ—āύেāϚাāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĄāĻ•্āϟ্āϰিāύ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύেāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻĒāϰিāϞāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿāύি। āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏুāĻĒ্āϰিāĻŽ āĻ•োāϰ্āϟেāϰ ā§Ģā§Š āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āϜুāϰিāϏ্āĻĒ্āϰুāĻĄেāύ্āϏ āĻĻেāĻ–āϞে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāĻŦে, āϏেāĻ–াāύে āύাāύা āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ “āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āύ⧟, “āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϚাāϰ āĻŽুāϞ āύীāϤি”āϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻāϏেāĻ›ে। āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻ•āϰা āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϚাāϰ āύীāϤিāχ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻ•িāύা।

āϚাāϰ āύীāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϟি, āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ, āύি⧟ে āĻ•াāϰো āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āύেāχ। āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ• āĻŦা āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ•, āφāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āϞীāĻ—, āϜাāϤী⧟ āĻĒাāϰ্āϟি āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻāύāĻĒি – āĻ•োāύ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āφāĻŽāϞেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϤে āĻ āύীāϤিāϟিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻšাāϤ āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§Ÿ āύি। āĻŦিāĻāύāĻĒি-āϰ āφāĻŽāϞে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŽুāϞ āύীāϤি, āϏāĻŽাāϜāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ,-āϰ āϏংāϜ্āĻžা āϏীāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāϞো। ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āϏাāϞে āφāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āϞীāĻ— āϏংāϜ্āĻžাāϟাāĻ•ে āφāĻ—েāϰ āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āύি⧟ে āĻ—েāϞেāĻ“ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽা āϞিāĻŦাāϰেāϞ āϧাঁāϚেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύা āĻ“ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤāĻŦাāϜাāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻুāχ āĻĻāϞেāϰāχ āĻ…āϘোāώিāϤ āϐāĻ•āĻŽāϤ্āϝ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāϤেāχ āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āφāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϜāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻĻেāĻļ āύ⧟।

āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāϞী āϜাāϤী⧟āϤাāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻŦা āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļী āϜাāϤী⧟āϤাāĻŦাāĻĻ āύি⧟ে āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ• āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāĻ“ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āϏাāϞেāϰ ā§§ā§Ģ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϤে āĻāϏে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ—েāĻ›ে āφāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āϞীāĻ— āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļী āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•āϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤাāϟি āĻŽেāύে āύি⧟েāĻ›ে। āϤাঁāϰা ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāϞী āϜাāϤী⧟āϤাāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻĢিāϰেāύি। āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āύিāϰāĻĒেāĻ•্āώāϤা āύি⧟ে āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϤāϰ্āĻ•-āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ• āϚাāϞু āφāĻ›ে। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύেāĻ“ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāĻŦে, ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āϏাāϞেāϰ ā§§ā§ĢāϤāĻŽ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύীāϤে āφāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āϞীāĻ— āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āύিāϰāĻĒেāĻ•্āώāϤাāϰ āϝে āϏংāϜ্āĻžা āĻĻে⧟াāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে, āϏেāϟি ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏংāϜ্āĻžাāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻ­িāύ্āύ। āϤাঁāϰা āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ, āφāϞ্āϞাāĻš্‌āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āφāϏ্āĻĨা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ, āĻŦিāϏāĻŽিāϞ্āϞাāĻš, āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϰেāĻ–ে āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›েāύ। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ•āϰে āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ•ে āϏāϰাāϏāϰি āύিāώিāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦāϞেāύāύি। āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻোāϤা āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āĻŦুāĻ āϏেāĻ–াāύে āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ।

āĻāĻŽāϤাāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟, “āĻŽুāϜিāĻŦ āĻŦাāĻĻ” āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ…āϤীāϤāĻŽুāĻ–ী āϧাāϰāĻŖাāĻ•ে āϏাāĻŽāύে āĻāύে, ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ›ুঁ⧜ে āĻĢেāϞাāϰ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟাāχ “āϰ‍্āϝাāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ” āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύী⧟ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚিāϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύি⧟েāϤāϰ্āĻ•-āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•āĻāĻ•āϟি āϚিāϰ āϚāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া। āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞো āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻ•ে āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āύি⧟ে āϝা⧟। āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āύি⧟ে āĻāĻ•āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻāĻ—ā§œা āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ā§§ā§Ģ-āϤāĻŽ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āφāϏāϤে āφāϏāϤে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে, āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒ āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟাāχ āϏ্āĻĨিāĻŽিāϤ।āĻāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĒুāϰোāύো āĻŦিāĻŦাāĻĻ āωāϏ্āĻ•ে āĻĻিāϞে āĻŦāϰং āϜাāϤী⧟ āϐāĻ•্āϝ āĻ…āϰ্āϜāύ āĻĒāϰাāĻšāϤāχ āĻšāĻŦে। āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļিāĻ• āĻŦিāϰোāϧāĻ•ে āωāϏ্āĻ•ে āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦা āĻ…āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻেāϰ āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽূāϞে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ–াāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻ•āĻ–āύোāχ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšā§Ÿāύি। āĻ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āĻŦāϰং āĻĢ্āϝাāϏিāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒুāύāϰুāϤ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āφāĻļংāĻ•া āĻŦে⧜ে āϝা⧟।

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϤাāϞিāĻ•া āφāĻ›ে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦা⧟āύেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻĒāĻĨāύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āύেāχ āϝে āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻĄিāϜিāϟাāϞ āϏিāĻ•িāωāϰিāϟি āĻāĻ•্āϟ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ•াāϞো āφāχāύ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে।

āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•্āώুāĻĻ্āϰ āϜ্āĻžাāύে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĻুāύি⧟াāϰ āĻŦুāĻ•ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•োāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒাāχāύি āϝেāĻ–াāύে āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦা⧟āύেāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻļো’āϟা āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦাāϤāϞে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ⧍ā§Ŧ, ā§Ēā§Ē āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§Ļ⧍ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻে āĻŦāϰং āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦা⧟āύেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļ āĻļāĻ•্āϤāĻĒোāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒāĻĨ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āφāĻ›ে। āĻ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ…āĻšāϰāĻš āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒāύ্āĻĨী āφāχāύ āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে – āχāύāĻĄেāĻŽāύিāϟি āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĻেāĻļ, āϜāύāύিāϰাāĻĒāϤ্āϤা āφāχāύ āϤাāϰ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟা āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ। āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āφāχāύ, āφāχāϏিāϟি āĻāĻ•্āϟ, āĻĄিāϜিāϟাāϞ āϏিāĻ•িāωāϰিāϟি āĻāĻ•্āϟ, āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āϟ্āϰাāχāĻŦুāύ্āϝাāϞ āφāχāύāϏāĻš āĻ…āύেāĻ• āφāχāύ āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻšā§Ÿāύি āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāĻ— āϰোāϧে āĻĢৌāϜāĻĻাāϰি āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύি।

āϏেāϟাāϰ āĻĻোāώ āĻ•াāϰ? āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•ুāĻ•্āώিāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āϰে āϰাāĻ–া āφāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āĻāĻŦং āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ—āϤ āφāχāύāϜীāĻŦী āϏāĻŽাāϜেāϰ? āύাāĻ•ি ⧧⧝⧭⧍-āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ? āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϟা āĻ•ি āĻāχ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝা⧟ে? āύাāĻ•ি āĻ…āϧāϏ্āϤāύ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤāĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻšী āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽূāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§§ā§§ā§Ŧ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻে āĻĻে⧟া āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা āωāĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে? āϤাāĻ›া⧜া āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦিāϤ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦা⧟āύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āύāϤুāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦে āϤাāϰ āĻ•োāύ āχāĻ™্āĻ—িāϤāĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāώ্āĻ•াāϰ āύ⧟।

āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻĻেāĻļে āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϚাāϞু āĻšāϞো, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āϏংāϏāĻĻে āφāχāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ āφāϏাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿāχ āĻāϟাāĻ•ে āϏুāĻĒ্āϰিāĻŽāĻ•োāϰ্āϟেāϰ āϜুāĻĄিāĻļি⧟াāϞ āϰিāĻ­িāω-āϰ āφāĻ“āϤা⧟ āφāύাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āφāϏāϞো (āϝেāϟি āĻļ্āϰীāϞংāĻ•া⧟ āφāĻ›ে)। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻ•োāύāϟাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝāχ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύেāχ। āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰāϞেāχ āϚāϞে। āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰি-āϞেāϜিāϏāϞেāϟিāĻ­ āϜুāĻĄিāĻļি⧟াāϞ āϰিāĻ­িāωāĻ“ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŦে āύা āϝāĻĻি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ—ুāϞো āϚিāϰাāϚāϰিāϤ āύি⧟āĻŽে āĻĻāϞী⧟āĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻšāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āϏুāϤāϰাং āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϟা ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āύ⧟। āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϟা āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϝাāϰা āĻŽাāύে āĻŦা āĻ›ুঁ⧜ে āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻে⧟ āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ।

āϤৃāϤী⧟ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟা āĻĒাāχāĻ•াāϰি āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা⧟āύ āύেāχ। āĻŽাāĻে āĻŽাāĻে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻšāϞেāĻ“, āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύে āĻ­োāϟ āĻĻে⧟া (āϝāĻĻি āφāĻĻৌ āĻĻে⧟া āϝা⧟) āĻ›া⧜া āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা⧟ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āϰাāϏ্āϤা āĻĨাāĻ•ে āύা।āĻĢāϞে āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖāĻ•ে āϏংāϘাāϤāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ­ুāĻĨ্āϝাāύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦেāĻ›ে āύিāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ।

āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ িāĻ• āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āύāχ āĻ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϤে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύāϏāĻš āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰী⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāϟি āĻ িāĻ• āĻ•āϰে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ŧ āϏাāϞে āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦাāĻŦāϧা⧟āĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āϝোāĻ— āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϟি “āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ•” āĻ…āϜুāĻšাāϤে āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšāϞেāĻ“, āĻ“āχ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰাāϟাāχ āĻŦāϰং āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻŦāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāϤী⧟āĻŽাāύ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦাāĻŦāϧা⧟āĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĒুāύāϰুāϜ্āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āφāĻ›ে। āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύেāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻ“ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻŦেāĻļ āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟāĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āφāĻ›ে।āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāĻ— āĻšā§Ÿāύা। āύাāύা āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύী āφāχāύāĻ“ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āφāĻ›ে।

āĻāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে, āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦা āϜāύāĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤি āĻŦা āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒাāϰ। āϝেāĻŽāύ, ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āϜাāϤী⧟ āϏংāϏāĻĻāĻ•ে āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏংāĻļ্āϞিāώ্āϟ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦেāχ āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϏংāϏāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻĒ্āϰāĻŖাāϞী āĻŦিāϧিāϤে āĻ“ āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻ•āĻŽিāϟিāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āϜāύāϏāĻŽ্āĻĒৃāĻ•্āϤāϤাāϰ āĻ­াāϞো āϏুāϝোāĻ— āϰাāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϚāϰ্āϚাāϟা āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে āύা, āϏেāϟি ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϤ্āϰুāϟি āύ⧟। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ•োāĻĨাāĻ“ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϞে āϏেāϟি āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰে āφāϰো āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦāϞা āϝা⧟ āĻ•িāύা āĻ­েāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāϟিāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āύāϤুāύ āφāϰেāĻ• āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύে⧟া āĻšāϞে āϏেāϟিāχ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰে āĻ…āĻ•্āώāϰে āĻŽাāύāϤে āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ āĻāχ āĻ…āϞীāĻ• āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύাāϰāχ āĻŦা āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•ি?

āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ “āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϤ্āϰুāϟি”। āĻāϟি āĻāϤ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•াāϟাāĻ›েঁ⧜া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āϝে, āĻāĻ• āĻĻুāχ āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻāϟি āĻ িāĻ• āĻ•āϰা āϝাāĻŦে āύা। āϤাāϰ āϚে⧟ে āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞিāĻ–াāϟাāχ āĻ­াāϞো।

āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻĻেāĻļে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύি⧟ে āϝেāϏāĻŦ āϏāĻ­া-āϏেāĻŽিāύাāϰ āĻŦা āφāϞাāĻĒ-āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏেāĻ–াāύে āĻĸাāϞাāĻ“ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦিāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟāĻ­াāĻŦে āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āύা āĻ•োāĻĨা⧟ āĻ•ি āĻ•āϰা āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ। āϝāĻĻি āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰāϞেāχ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻšāϞে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύāχ āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ। āφāϰ āϝāĻĻি āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে “āϏীāĻŽাāĻšীāύ” āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻšā§ŸāϤো āĻŦāϞা āϝাāĻŦে āĻŽূāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāϟাāϰ “āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ” āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āĻ…āĻ•েāϜো āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āϏুāϤāϰাং āύāϤুāύ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒ⧜āĻ›ে।

āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻŦিāĻāύāĻĒিāϰ ā§Šā§§-āĻĻāĻĢা “āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ” āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĒ⧜েāĻ›ি। āϤাঁāϰা āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦিāώ⧟ āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ। āϝেāĻŽāύ – āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻŽে⧟াāĻĻ āĻĻুāχāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āύা, āĻĻুāχāĻ•āĻ•্āώেāϰ āϏংāϏāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ া, ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ, āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻে āύি⧟োāĻ—েāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•াāϰ āĻŽāϤো āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻ•āĻŽিāϟিāϰ āϏাāĻŽāύে āĻļুāύাāύী, āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ•ীāĻ•āϰāĻŖ (āĻāϟিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§§ā§§ā§Ŧ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĒুāύāϰুāϜ্āϜীāĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰāϞেāχ āĻšā§Ÿ), āĻŦিāϚাāϰāĻ• āύি⧟োāĻ— āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒāϏাāϰāĻŖে āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āφāχāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύ (āĻāϟিāĻ“ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āĻŦāϞা āφāĻ›ে) āĻāĻŦংāϏ্āĻĨাāύী⧟ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰে āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āύা āĻ•āϰা (āĻāϟিāĻ“ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāφāĻ›ে)।āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻĒাāϚ্āĻ›ি, āĻŦিāĻāύāĻĒি-āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĻāĻĢা āĻāĻ•āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻ•āĻŦাāϰে āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦা⧟ āύāĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ—েāϞেāĻ“ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ “āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āϞেāĻ–াāϰ” āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύেāχ। āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āϜা⧟āĻ—াāĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞেāχ āϚāϞে। āĻŦিāĻāύāĻĒি-āϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώ āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ“ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻĻাāĻŦী āύেāχ। āϤাāϰা āĻŦāϰং āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻ•াāϜāϟিāĻ“ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚিāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻ•āϰা āωāϚিāϤ āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰেāύ।

āĻĒāĻž্āϚāĻŽ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϝāϤ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āϤাāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻŦেāĻļি āωāϚ্āϚাāϰিāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻļāĻ•্āϤ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦা⧜ি⧟ে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে, āĻĢāϞে āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰেāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ­াāϰāϏাāĻŽ্āϝāĻšীāύ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে।

āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāχ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤা āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āĻĻি āĻ•āϰি। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦ⧜ āϏāĻŽাāϞোāϚāύা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϝে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāϰা āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›েāύ। āϤāĻŦে āĻ—āĻ­ীāϰ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা⧟ āĻ āϏāĻŽাāϞোāϚāύাāϟিāĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āĻ…āĻĒāϰিāĻĒāĻ•্āĻŦ āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻšā§Ÿ।⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĒাāĻŦāϞিāĻ• āϞেāĻ•āϚাāϰে āϞāϰ্āĻĄ āĻšেāχāϞāϏাāĻŽ āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āĻ“ā§ŸেāϏ্āϟāĻŽিāύāϏ্āϟাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ•ে ‘āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āϏ্āĻŦৈāϰāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ’ (Prime Ministerial Dictatorship) āφāĻ–্āϝা āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻ“ā§ŸেāϏ্āϟāĻŽিāύāϏ্āϟাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰেāχ āϏাāϜাāύো। āĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāϤা āφāϏে āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϏীāύ āĻĻāϞেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ, āϏংāϏāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧীāĻĻāϞ, āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ“ āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāύী⧟ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ, āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽ āĻ“ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšি āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤāĻ•াāϰী āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĨেāĻ•ে।āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āωāĻĒāύিāĻŦেāĻļ-āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āϜāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāϰ āĻāχ āĻŦিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒ āϰাāϏ্āϤাāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻĨাāĻ•া⧟ āĻŦা āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āύা āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āĻ“ā§ŸেāϏ্āϟāĻŽিāύāϏ্āϟাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰিāĻ•āϤাāϟিāĻ•ে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āϚোāĻ–ে āĻĒ⧜ে।

āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা⧟ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āφāύāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻŽাāϤে āĻšāϞে āĻ•ি āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟? āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰে āύাāύা āϏāĻŽā§Ÿে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ—েāĻ›ে āϏāĻŦাāχ āϰাāώ্āϟ্ā§°āĻĒāϤিāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŦা⧜াāύোāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāύ। āĻāĻ–াāύে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻĒāϤিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āϏāĻ™্āϘাāϤেāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻāϜāύāĻ• āύāϜিāϰ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻ›ে। āĻ…āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤ āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύে āĻ—āĻ­āϰ্āύāϰ āϜেāύাāϰেāϞ āĻ—োāϞাāĻŽ āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী āϞি⧟াāĻ•āϤ āφāϞী āĻ–াāύ, āĻĢিāϰোāϜ āĻ–াāύ āύুāύ, āĻšোāϏেāύ āĻļāĻšীāĻĻ āϏোāĻšāϰাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ্āĻĻিāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧে āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύেāϰ āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāχ āĻ­েāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĒ⧜ে। ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ে āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύে āĻ—োāϞাāĻŽ āχāϏāĻšাāĻ• āĻ–াāύেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŦেāύāϜিāϰ āĻ­ুāϟ্āϟো āĻāĻŦং āĻĢাāϰুāĻ• āϞেāϘাāϰিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āύāĻ“ā§ŸাāϜ āĻļāϰীāĻĢ āĻ“ āĻŦেāύāϜিāϰ āĻ­ুāϟ্āϟোāϰ āϏংāϘাāϤে āĻĻেāĻļāϟিāĻŽাāϰাāϤ্āύāĻ• āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āϏংāĻ•āϟে āĻĒ⧜ে āϝা⧟। ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āϏাāϞে āĻĒ্āϰেāϏিāĻĄেāύ্āϟ āϏিāϰিāϏেāύাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী āϰāύিāϞ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽা āϏিংāĻšেāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧে āĻļ্āϰীāϞāĻ™্āĻ•াāĻ“ āĻ–াঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•িāύাāϰে āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে āϝা⧟। āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা⧟ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰāĻŽুāϞ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো āĻ িāĻ• āϰেāĻ–ে āĻ•āϰাāϟাāχ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—āϤ।


āĻ•েāω āĻĻুāχ āĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāĻšāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ āφāĻ›ে। āϤāĻŦে āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āύি⧟āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ। āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻŦা āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ•āϰে āφāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦা āĻĻāϞী⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰিāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĒ⧜েāĻ›ে।⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āĻā§œি⧟ে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ•েāω āĻĻুāχ āĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļী āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻšāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰাāϰ āĻļāϰ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•া āωāϚিā§Ž। āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĨা⧟ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āύেāϤাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী āύা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ“ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϚাāϞাāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ। āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨাāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰীāĻ•ে āĻĻāϞী⧟ āĻāĻŽāĻĒি āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϰোāĻš āĻ•āϰি⧟ে āĻĢেāϞে āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ। āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻĒāϤি āĻĒāĻĻে āĻ•েāω āĻĻুāχ āĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļী āύা āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻŦিāϧাāύāϟাāĻ“ āϰাāĻ–āϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĨা⧟ āĻšā§ŸāϤো, āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী āĻšāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰা āύেāϤাāϰা āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻĒāϤি āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāĻ ি āύা⧜āĻŦেāύ। āĻĻāϞেāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰে āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύāϟা āĻĻāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āχāϚ্āĻ›ে⧟ āύা āĻšā§Ÿে, āĻ…āĻ­্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āĻ—োāĻĒāύ āĻŦ্āϝাāϞāϟে āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚিāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻļāϰ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻ āϏāĻŦেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϰ āϜāύ্āϝāχ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύেāχ।

āώāώ্āĻ  āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻŦেāĻļ āϜāύāĻĒ্āϰি⧟। āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧী āĻāĻŦং āĻāϟিāχ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āĻŽুāϞে।

āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āϏāĻŦাāχ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻāĻ•ে āĻĻা⧟ী āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāϰা āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤা āϰāĻ•্āώা⧟ āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻ—āϤ ā§Ģā§Š āĻŦāĻ›āϰে āĻ āĻŦিāϧাāύāϟি āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰেāύ āύি। āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟, āϤাঁāϰাāĻ“ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ।

āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•েāω āĻ•েāω āĻŦāϞেāύ, āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞāϤাāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ…āύাāϏ্āĻĨা āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦেāϰ āĻ­োāϟাāĻ­ুāϟিāϤে ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āĻŦাāϜেāϟ āĻ­োāϟাāĻ­ুāϟিāϤে ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāĻ— āĻšāĻŦে āύা āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ•āϰা āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰি āĻāϟিāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϧাāύ āĻāĻ–াāύে āύ⧟। āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏংāϏāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা⧟ āĻ•োāύো āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦাāϜেāϟ āĻĒাāϏ āĻ•āϰাāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻĒāϤāύ āĻŦা āϏংāϏāĻĻ āĻ­েāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĻে⧟াāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϤৈāϰি āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āϤাāĻ›া⧜া āĻŦাāϜেāϟে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻŦিāϰāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ­োāϟ āĻĻে⧟াāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāχ āĻāĻŽāĻĒি-āϰা āĻ­োāϟ āĻĻেāĻŦেāύ āĻāĻŽāύ āύিāĻļ্āϚ⧟āϤা āύেāχ। ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āϏংāϏāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύোāϤ্āϤāϰ, āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ• āĻŦা āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻ•āĻŽিāϟিāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āĻĒ্āϰāϝোāϜ্āϝ āύ⧟। āĻ…āĻĨāϚ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟, āϏেāĻ–াāύেāĻ“ āĻĻāϞেāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻĒি-āϰা āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāύ āύা। āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŦিāĻšীāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āφāύুāĻ—āϤ্āϝāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻāϏāĻŦ āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āύা āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ“ āφāĻ›ে। āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏংāϏāĻĻ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻĻāϞেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা āĻ•āϰা āĻŦা āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āύীāϤিāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা āĻ•āϰা āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟাāχ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āφāϤ্āĻŽāĻšāϤ্āϝাāϰ āĻļাāĻŽিāϞ।

āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে, ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āφāϰেāĻ•āϟি āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞিāĻ–ে āĻĢেāϞāϞেāχ, āĻāĻŦং āϏেāϟাāϤে ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻŦা āύা āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāχ āĻ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϧাāύ āĻšāĻŦে āύা। āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāϟি āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰে, āϝেāĻ–াāύে āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āĻŽāϤāĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ, āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ, āϤৃāĻŖāĻŽূāϞেāϰ āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻে āĻĻāϞেāϰ āĻŽāύোāύ⧟āύ āϞাāĻ­ āĻŦা āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āωāĻ ে āφāϏাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻ…āύুāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ। āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āφāϏāϞে āĻāĻ–াāύেāχ āφāϏা āωāϚিāϤ।

āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āφāϞোāϚāύা⧟ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĻেāĻ–াāϤে āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦো āĻ•েāύ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖাāϟি āφāϤ্āĻŽāϘাāϤী āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

Wednesday, October 30, 2024

āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•: ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύেāϰ ‘āĻ—āϞāĻĻ’



āĻĄ. āĻāĻŽ āϜāϏিāĻŽ āφāϞী āϚৌāϧুāϰী
āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāώāĻ• āφāχāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—, āχāωāύিāĻ­াāϰ্āϏিāϟি āĻ…āĻŦ āĻšাāϞ, āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāϜ্āϝ

āϏিāĻĢাāϤ āϤাāϏāύীāĻŽ
āφāχāύ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨী, āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽেāϰিāϟাāχāĻŽ āχāωāύিāĻ­াāϰ্āϏিāϟি।

āĻ…āύāϞাāχāύ āϞিংāĻ• - āϞāĻ‡ā§Ÿাāϰ্āϏ āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦ āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ, ⧍⧝ āĻ…āĻ•্āϟোāĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē 



⧧⧝⧭⧧ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āϞাāĻ– āĻļāĻšীāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻাঁ⧜ি⧟ে āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝোāĻĻ্āϧাāĻĻেāϰ āϞেāĻ–া āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāϟি āĻĒুāϰোāĻĒুāϰি āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšāĻŦে āύাāĻ•ি āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāĻŦে āϏেāϟি āύি⧟ে āĻĻেāĻļে āϤুāĻŽুāϞ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ• āϚāϞāĻ›ে। āϝাāϰা āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϚাāύ āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύেāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϚিāύ্āϤা-āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻ“ āĻোঁāĻ• āφāĻ›ে। āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ, ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻ“ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŽুāϞāύীāϤিāĻ—ুāϞো āύি⧟ে āύিāϜ āϏ্āĻŦāĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ি āφāĻ›ে। āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āύাāύাāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻĒāϰāϤা⧟ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āύ্āϝাāϰেāϟিāĻ­ āϤৈāϰিāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āϚāϞāĻ›ে।

āϤাāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤে āĻŦিāĻĒāĻ•্āώেāϰ āĻŦāĻ•্āϤāĻŦ্āϝāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻŦেāĻļি āωāϚ্āϚাāϰিāϤ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āύা। āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰি āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻāϤ āĻŦ⧜ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻĻুāχ āĻĻিāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•āĻŖ্āĻ āχ āϜোāϰাāϞোāĻ­াāĻŦে āωāϚ্āϚাāϰিāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϜāϰুāϰী। āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āϏāϤāϤাāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāχ āύিāĻŦāύ্āϧেāϰ āϞেāĻ–āĻ•āĻĻ্āĻŦ⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽেāχ āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰে āύিāχ āϝে, ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻāĻŦং ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļিāĻ• āĻĒāĻ•্āώāĻĒাāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻ—āĻ­ীāϰ āĻ…āύুāϰাāĻ— āφāĻ›ে। āĻ“āχ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āφāĻŽāϰা āϚāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻ…ংāĻļ āύিāϤে āϚাāχ। āϤāĻŦে āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰি āϝে, āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āφāϞোāϚāύা⧟ āĻ…āύুāϰাāĻ—-āφāĻŦেāĻ—েāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĒ্āϰাāϧাāύ্āϝ āĻĒাāĻŦে।


ā§Ģ āĻ…āĻ—াāϏ্āϟেāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāϤে āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒāϤ্āϰ-āĻĒāϤ্āϰিāĻ•া, āϏāĻ­া-āϏেāĻŽিāύাāϰ, āϟāĻ•āĻļো-āϤে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϝāϤ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻāϏেāĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāĻ• āϜা⧟āĻ—া⧟ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ি। āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽোāϟাāĻŽুāϟি āĻĻুāχ āĻĻাāĻ—েāϰ। āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āĻŦেāĻļāĻ•িāĻ›ু “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ” āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĻিāĻ•ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦা āĻ…āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āύেāĻ• “āϤ্āϰুāϟি”āϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āϤিāύ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϟিāϤে āφāĻŽāϰা āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύেāϰ “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ”āϝেāĻ—ুāϞো āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰāĻŦো। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟āϟিāϤে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻāϰ “āϤ্āϰুāϟি”āĻ—ুāϞো āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦো। āϤৃāϤী⧟āϟিāϤে āφāĻŽāϰা āϤুāϞে āϧāϰāĻŦো āĻ•েāύ āύāϤুāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖাāϟি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ­াāϞোāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āϰāĻŦে।

āĻĒāϤ্āϰāĻĒāϤ্āϰিāĻ•া āϘেঁāϟে āĻāϝাāĻŦā§Ž āφāĻŽāϰা ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύেāϰ “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ” āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻŽোāϟাāĻŽুāϟি āϚাāϰāϟি āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻ–ুঁāϜে āĻĒে⧟েāĻ›ি।

āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ – ⧧⧝⧭⧍āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻŖ āĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāύ⧟āĻŖেāϰ āĻāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āύāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϧ। ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āĻ āφāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āϞীāĻ—েāϰ āύিāϰংāĻ•ুāĻļ āϜ⧟āϟা āĻ›িāϞো āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύেāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύেāϰ āĻŦিāϜ⧟। āĻ“āϟা āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āύা। āϤাāĻ›া⧜া āĻ“āχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•োāύ āϰেāĻĢাāϰেāύ্āĻĄাāĻŽ āύে⧟া āĻšā§Ÿāύি।

āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āĻāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟি āύি⧟āĻŽিāϤ āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ›িāϞো āύা। āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύāϟি āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāώ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•েāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ŧ-āϰ āĻ›ā§ŸāĻĻāĻĢা āĻļুāϧু āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦা⧟āϤ্āϤāĻļাāϏāύেāϰ āĻĻাāĻŦী āĻ›িāϞোāύা।āĻāϤে āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦেāϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ• āĻļাāϏāύেāϰ āϰূāĻĒāϰেāĻ–াāĻ“ āĻ›িāϞো। āĻ›ā§ŸāĻĻāĻĢাāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে āĻļাāϏāύāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϰāϚāύাāϰ āĻĻাāĻŦীāϤে āϏাāϰাāĻĻেāĻļে āĻĒাঁāϚ āĻŦāĻ›āϰāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āϤুāĻŽুāϞ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āĻāϰ āĻŽেāύিāĻĢেāϏ্āϟোāχ āĻ›িāϞ āĻ›ā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻĢা।

āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύেāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϜুāϞāĻĢিāĻ•াāϰ āφāϞী āĻ­ুāϟ্āϟোāϏāĻš āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύী āϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ• āĻļাāϏāĻ•āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ী āĻŽূāϞāϤ āĻ›ā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻĢা-āϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϰāϚāύা⧟ āφāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āϜাāύি⧟েāχ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āϚাāĻĒি⧟ে āĻĻেāύ। āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύে āĻŦিāϜ⧟ী āĻĻāϞেāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻĒি-āϰা āĻ›ā§Ÿ āĻĻāĻĢা āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻļ্āϰুāϤিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ…āϟāϞ āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝে ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻāϰ āϜাāύু⧟াāϰিāϤে āϰেāϏāĻ•োāϰ্āϏ āĻŽā§ŸāĻĻাāύে āĻ—āĻŖ āĻļāĻĒāĻĨ āĻ•āϰেāύ।

āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻāϰ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻļুāϰুāϤে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āϝেāϘোāώāĻŖাāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§Ÿ āϏেāϟিāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āĻĻāϞিāϞ। āϝুāĻĻ্āϧāĻļেāώ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύāĻ“ āĻ›িāϞো āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āϰূāĻĒāϰেāĻ–া। āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāĻĻেāϰ ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύে āĻ­ূāĻŽিāϧ্āĻŦāϏ āĻŦিāϜ⧟েāϰ āĻĒāϰ ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻĒেāϰি⧟ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞে āĻ•োāύ āϰেāĻĢাāϰেāύ্āĻĄাāĻŽ āĻšāϞে āϏেāϟিāϤে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāϰা āĻ…āύা⧟াāϏেāχ āϜিāϤāϤেāύ। āĻāϤে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϞাāĻ—া āĻ›া⧜া, āĻ…āĻĻৌ āĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ•োāύ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āĻ•ি āφāϏāϤো?

āĻ‡ā§ŸেāϞ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞ⧟েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ–্āϝাāϤ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦিāĻļাāϰāĻĻ āĻŦ্āϰুāϏ āφāĻ•াāϰāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻŦāϞেāύ, āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϰāϚāύা āĻŦা āĻŦ⧜āϏ⧜ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻ•āύ্āϏāϟিāϟিāωāĻļāύাāϞ āĻŽোāĻŽেāύ্āϟ (Constitutional Moment) āφāϏাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāĻŽে⧟াāĻĻী āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻ“ āĻāϜেāύ্āĻĄা āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻ•্āώিāϤে āφāĻŽāϰা āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āφāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĻাāĻŦী āĻ•āϰি āϝে, ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•āύ্āϏāϟিāϟিāωāĻļāύাāϞ āĻŽোāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻ›িāϞো, āϝেāϟিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύী⧟ āϏাংāĻŦিāϧাāύিāĻ• āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•, āĻāϜেāύ্āĻĄা āĻāĻŦং āϰূāĻĒāϰেāĻ–া āĻ…āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤ āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύেāϰ ⧍ā§Ē āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ•াāϞ āϧāϰে āϤৈāϰি āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤে āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āϝে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏেāϟিāϰ āϰূāĻĒāϰেāĻ–া āĻŦা āĻāϜেāύ্āĻĄা āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āύ⧟।āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ“ āĻ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒাāϰে āϏāĻŽ্āϝāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻšিāϤ āύāύ।

āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻšāĻŦে āύাāĻ•ি āĻĒুāύāϰ্āϞিāĻ–āύ āĻšāĻŦে āϏেāϟি āύি⧟েāĻ“ āϜাāϤী⧟ āϐāĻ•āĻŽāϤ্āϝ āĻāĻ–āύো āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ āύ⧟।

āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻāϰāĻ•āĻŽ – ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āφāĻ‡ā§ŸুāĻŦ-āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻšি⧟াāϰ āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύী āĻļাāϏāύ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে āϰāϚিāϤ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে।

āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰি āĻ āĻŦāĻ•্āϤāĻŦ্āϝāϟি āĻ…āϏāϤ্āϝ। āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύী āϏ্āĻŦৈāϰāĻļাāϏāĻ• āĻ—োāϞাāĻŽ āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ, āχāϏ্āĻ•াāύ্āĻĻাāϰ āĻŽিāϰ্āϜা, āφāĻ‡ā§ŸুāĻŦ āĻ–াāύ āĻ“ āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻšি⧟া āĻ–াāύেāϰ āύāϜিāϰāĻŦিāĻšীāύ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞāĻ™্āϘāύ, āϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ•-āĻŦেāϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ• āφāĻŽāϞাāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻĒāϤি āĻļাāϏিāϤ āϏ্āĻŦৈāϰāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϚাāϞু āĻāĻŦং āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϧাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āĻ•āϰে āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻšāϤ্āϝা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦেāχ āĻ›ā§ŸāĻĻāĻĢা āĻ“ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻāϏেāĻ›ে। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ›িāϞো āĻ“ā§ŸেāϏ্āϟ āĻŽিāύāώ্āϟাāϰে āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰে āϚāϰ্āϚিāϤ āϜāύāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻ“ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āφāϤ্āύীāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϝেāϟিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻļ্āϰুāϤি ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ŧ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāϞো। āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύী āϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ• āĻļাāϏāĻ•āϰা āϏেāϟিāĻ•ে āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻĻুāχ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻŽাāĻĨা⧟ āĻšāϤ্āϝা āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻāϟি āĻ•োāύ āĻŦিāϚাāϰেāχ āφāĻ‡ā§ŸুāĻŦ-āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻšি⧟াāϰ āĻĒাāĻ•িāϏ্āϤাāύী āĻļাāϏāύāϝāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āύ⧟।

āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āφāϏāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ“ā§ŸেāϏ্āϟāĻŽিāύāϏ্āϟাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ”āĻĒāύিāĻŦেāĻļিāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ•েāχ āĻŦেāĻ›ে āύিāϤে āĻšāϞো āĻ•েāύ। āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāϟি ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•েāĻ“ āĻāϏেāĻ›ে। āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāϰা āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻļাāϏāύ āφāχāύ ⧧⧝ā§Ļ⧝, ⧧⧝⧧⧝ āĻāĻŦং ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§­ āĻāϰ āϧাāϰাāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•āϤাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। āϏংāϏংāĻĻী⧟ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰে āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āϏাāϰ্āĻŦāĻ­ৌāĻŽāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, ⧧⧝⧝⧍ āϏাāϞে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻāϞী⧟ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϏংāĻļোāϧāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ“ā§ŸেāϏ্āϟ āĻŽিāύāϏ্āϟাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻĢিāϰে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĻেāĻļে āĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜাāϤী⧟ āϐāĻ•āĻŽāϤ্āϝāĻ“ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে।

āϤৃāϤী⧟ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϰāϚāύাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώ, āϝাāϰা āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿāύি।

āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŽāύেāĻ•āϰি āĻ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āĻŦিāĻ­্āϰাāύ্āϤিāĻ•āϰ। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•, āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ–āϏ⧜া āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύ, āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϜāύāĻŽāϤ āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āĻ“ āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŦ⧜ āĻĒāϰিāϏāϰে āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•েāϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻŦিāĻŦāϰāĻŖী āĻĒ⧜āϞে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟, āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϞāϘু āĻŽāϤেāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāϰা āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āĻ—ৃāĻšীāϤ āύা āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āĻ…āύুāϝোāĻ— āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞেāĻ“, āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ•ে āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāĻĒ্āϤ āϏুāϝোāĻ—েāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ…āĻ•āĻĒāϟে āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ। āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝোāĻĻ্āϧাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…ংāĻļ āύāĻŦāĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻŦিāϰোāϧী āĻĻāϞ āϜাāϏāĻĻে āϝোāĻ— āĻĻি⧟ে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ। āϤাঁāϰা āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āϧাঁāϚেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ, āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ• āϏāĻŽাāϜāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ, āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰāĻŦিāύিāϰ্āĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒিāĻĒāϞāϏ āφāϰ্āĻŽি-āϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ।

āϤāĻŦে āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤা⧟ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟,āϤাঁāϰা āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ• āϏāĻŽাāϜāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ•ি, āϏেāϟি āĻ•িāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦা⧟āύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ āϏেāϟি āĻ•āĻ–āύো āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ āĻ•āϰেāύāύি। āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŽুāϞ āϧাāϰাāϰ āϰাāϜāύিāϤিāϤেāĻ“ āϜাāϏāĻĻ āϏেāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύি। ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻ āϰāĻ•্āϤাāĻ•্āϤ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ…āĻŖুāϘāϟāĻ• āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āφāĻŦিāϰ্āĻ­ূāϤ āĻšāϞেāĻ“, āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšিāϤ āĻĒāϰেāχ āĻĻāϞāϟি āĻĒ্āϰাāϏāĻ™্āĻ—িāĻ•āϤা āĻšাāϰা⧟। ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āϏংāĻ•āϟ āϝāĻĻি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϏেāϟি āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āϞীāĻ— āϏāĻš āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦিāϰোāϧী āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āύিāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻĒাāϰে।āĻāϟি ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϤা āĻšāϞেāĻ“, ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ āĻĻāϞāĻ—ুāϞো āϰাāϜāύীāϤিāϤে āĻĒুāύঃāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।

⧧⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻŽুāϞ āύীāϤি, āϝেāĻŽāύ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āύিāϰāĻĒāĻ•েāĻ•্āώāϤা, āϏāĻŽাāϜāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāϞী āϜাāϤী⧟āϤাāĻŦাāĻĻে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āφāϏে। āĻŽুāϞāύীāϤিāĻ—ুāϞো āύি⧟ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āϏ্āϤিāĻŽিāϤ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ• āĻāĻ–āύো āϚāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāĻ“, ⧧⧝⧝⧍ āϏাāϞে āϏংāϏāĻĻী⧟ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻĢিāϰে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āφāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻŽী āϞীāĻ—, āĻŦিāĻāύāĻĒি-āϏāĻš āϏāĻŦ āĻĻāϞেāϰ āϐāĻ•āĻŽāϤ্āϝেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āĻŽুāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽোāĻ—āϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϟিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜাāϤী⧟ āϐāĻ•āĻŽāϤ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে।

āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻāϞিāϟ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻĢাāϰেāύ্āϏ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻāϏেāĻ›ে। āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āϏেāĻ–াāύে āĻ›িāϞো āύা। āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻāϟি āϚাāĻĒি⧟ে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে।

āφāĻŽāϰা āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰি “āĻāϞিāϟ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻĢাāϰেāύ্āϏ” āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻāĻ•াāĻĄেāĻŽিāĻ• āĻŽāĻšāϞে āϜāύāĻĒ্āϰি⧟। āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĻাāϰ্āĻļāύিāĻ• āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨ āϚ্āϝাāϟাāϰ্āϜিāϏāĻš āϏাāĻŦ āĻ…āϞ্āϟাāϰ্āύ āϏ্āϟাāĻĄিāϜেāϰ āϏ্āĻ•āϞাāϰāϰা āϜোāϰ āĻĻি⧟েāχ āĻŦāϞেāύ, āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĒāϞিāϟিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻāϞিāϟāϰা āύে⧟। āĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤিāĻ• āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϏেāĻ–াāύে āĻ…ংāĻļāύে⧟াāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻ•āĻŽ। āĻ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āϤাঁāϰা āĻĻেāύ āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϏāĻŽাāϜেāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো, āĻļিāĻ•্āώা, āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāϏāĻš āύাāύা āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏুāϝোāĻ—েāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻŽāϤা⧟ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖে āĻŦাāϧাāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āχāĻ™্āĻ—িāϤāĻ•āϰে। āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ। āĻ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĻে⧟া āϏāĻšāϜ, āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦে āϤেāĻŽāύ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϤাāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϜ āĻŦিāύিāϰ্āĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–া āĻŦা āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟাāχ āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ। āϏেāϟি ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞে āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ›িāϞো, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§ĒāϏাāϞেāĻ“ āϤেāĻŽāύāϟি āφāĻ›ে।

āωāϞ্āϟো āĻ•āϰে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—েāϞে āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύেāϰ āϚে⧟ে ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻ āϝোāϜāύ āϝোāϜāύ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦāĻŽুāϞāĻ•, āĻĻেāĻļāϜ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāϟি āϘেঁāώা āĻ›িāϞেāύ। āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟োāĻ—িāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āφāϞাāĻĒ āφāϞোāϚāύাāĻ“ āĻāϤে āĻ…ংāĻļ āύে⧟াāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāĻ­াāĻŦে āφāĻ—্āϰāĻšী āϝে āĻ•াāϰো āϜāύ্āϝ āωāĻŽ্āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ›িāϞো āĻ•িāύা। āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āϏāϤ্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āĻš্āϝাঁ।

āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟāϤāχ ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϪ⧟āύেāϰ “āĻ—āϞāĻĻ” āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āωāĻĒāϰোāϞ্āϞিāĻ–িāϤ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—ুāϞো āϝāϤāϟা āύা āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāĻ• āϏāϤāϤা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϤোāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āϤাāϰāϚে⧟ে ⧧⧝⧭⧧ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āϞāĻ•্āώ āĻļāĻšীāĻĻেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ—ā§œে āωāĻ া ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻে āĻŽূāϞ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖেāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϚ্āĻ›āύ্āύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝে āϤোāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে āĻŦāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāϤী⧟āĻŽাāύ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻ āϞেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦে āφāĻŽāϰা ⧧⧝⧭⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ āϝে “āϤ্āϰুāϟি”āĻ—ুāϞো āϏāύাāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦো।

Saturday, October 26, 2024

The Reform Agenda: Are We Missing Something?

 

The Reform Agenda: Are We Missing Something?

 

Dr M Jashim Ali Chowdhury

Lecturer in Law, University of Hull, UK

Published in: The Daily Observer, Dhaka, 26 October 2024

Link: https://www.observerbd.com/news/496552

 

REFORM seems to be a recurring theme of our national life. In 1972, our founding fathers promised a clean break from the twenty-four-year-long abusive presidential rule of the Pakistani military establishment. They promised a parliamentary democracy enshrined by some foundational pillars of constitutionalism. It did not serve us. In 1975, they preached “a second revolution” and transformed the system into a one-party presidential dictatorship. Months later, the country fell into bloodshed, and utter chaos. The 1976-79 period was full of constitutional reform, revision and rewriting. Constitutional ideals were tweaked, and multi-party politics was brought back but the presidential system endured. The 1980s also oversaw bloodshed and another military coup. Military rulers suspended the Constitution, changed its fundamental principles, tweaked its institutional design, created new political parties, rehabilitated some old ones and undertook high-profile anti-corruption drives. However, the presidential autocracy, corruption, vote rigging and pollution of politics did not stop.  The country oversaw the first significant mass upsurge in 1990. The military rule was discredited and the prospect of civilian rule ushered.

 

In 1991, a promising institution of election-time caretaker government was born and the parliamentary system returned. However, bipartisan politics became competitively authoritarian, conflictive, violent and conspiracy-laden. Regular transfer of power became a very big ask. The caretaker government proved a breathing space for democratic sustenance. The parliamentary system, however, failed to remedy the problems of non-accountability, corruption, and the cartelisation, criminalisation and personalisation of politics. The election-time caretaker government apart, there was no sign of institution-building in other areas of governance, accountability and justice. Local government, anti-corruption commission, election commission, judiciary, bureaucracy and parliament – all succumbed to the invincible dictatorship of the government – particularly the prime minister. By 2006, the caretaker government also was brought to its knees.

 

In 2007, the military returned to the scene and promised the nation to fix its problems once and for all. The 2006-2007 government initiated another round of anti-corruption drive, loaded a thinly veiled attack on the political parties and attempted a much-hyped “minus-two” solution. However, the initial zeal faded within one and a half years. The military leadership had to hand over the power. They, however, remarkably separated the lower judiciary and brought significant reform around the Election Commission’s powers and structure. Notable reforms were pressed in the Anti-Corruption Commission and other accountability institutions. In 2009, a political party came to power by laying down a hugely popular "Din Bodoler Sonod". However, the days went from bad to worse. For the next sixteen years, Bangladesh went through the longest stretch of one-party dominance and authoritarian premiership in its history.

 

In 2024, history repeated itself through another round of bloodshed, agonising violence, street agitation and a mass upsurge. With an “interim government” in power, there is now another drive for reform in almost every sector of the state, including the Constitution. Key issues in the agenda are strikingly similar to what we have seen time and again since our independence – institution building, accountability, rule of law, independence of the judiciary, free and fair elections and corruption-free governance. Some are blaming the Constitution’s foundational principles for all our enduring problems. They want to rewrite them, forgetting that we made, unmade and remade those at least four times in the past – 1975, 1979, 1988 and 2011. Others argue that the constitutional design is flawed. They want to overhaul it, again forgetting that we made, unmade and remade it at least five times in the past – 1975, 1979, 1992, 1996 and 2011. Academic researchers usually blame the lack of “political will” and “democratic instrumental vision” among the political leaders. However, nobody seems to seriously talk about the political parties themselves.

 

Since its birth, Bangladesh had at least three clear moments of fresh starts – 1972, 1991 and 2009. On each of these occasions, the political parties and their leaders inherited the best possible institutional arrangements and political consensus. However, they failed us miserably on every occasion. They unmade whatever progress was there and then consolidated and perpetuated their powers. Now that they are again proposing and promising a stitch or two here and there, 31 points, 10 points, etc., the bigger question is - Could we trust them anymore?

 

Constitutional designs of ‘institutions, structures, organizations and legal framework’ are meant to enable the state to function as a self-governing system. However, it is the political parties who operate, rather say spoil,  it. Surprisingly for Bangladesh, parties have always lived beyond the limits and rules of the Constitution. Renowned political scientist Richard Pildes has shown that constitutions can deal with parties in at least three ways. It can ensure equal access to democratic competition and proportionate access to state finance for all. Next, it can create minority safeguards within the institutions such as parliament and protect the parties against unconstitutional bans. Lastly, it can ensure that parties themselves are internally democratic and accessible to the people (Richard Pildes, ‘Foreword: The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics’ (2004) 118 (1) Harvard Law Review 1).

 

The 2024 reform window must ensure that political parties are brought into the constitutional framework of democratic accountability.  It must address the historically ignored questions - how the parties form and behave, where they get their money from, where they spend it, how they choose their leaders, and how they answer the people. Missing a conversation on this key issue of democratic accountability, how can we rest assured that the reforms of 2024 will be respected by the internally undemocratic political parties and their parochial leaders?




The Failure of Bangladesh's Constitutional Design Dr M Jashim Ali Chowdhury Published in Ngoc Son Bui, Mara Malagodi and Christopher Rob...