Internet and Information Technology Law (In Bangla)
M Jashim Ali Chowdhury
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336450538_Internet_and_Information_Technology_Law_In_Bangla]
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Z_¨
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Gi MÖnYxqZv ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| 6 avivq
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4.2. B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i
B‡j±ªwbK
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hv‡e| 5(1) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kvb MÖvnK Zvnvi B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i mshy³ K‡i †Kvb
B‡j±ªwbK †iKW© mZ¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvB‡bi
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"B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶iÓ Ggb GKwU B‡j±ªwbK DcvË (Z_¨ ev ms‡KZ) †hwU Av‡iKwU
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c×wZ A‡bKUv †evaMg¨ n‡jI, mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g wWwRUvj ¯^v¶i wn‡m‡e GK‡Rvov †Mvcb
b¤^i ˆZwi Ges †fv³vi Zv e¨envi Kivi Dc‡hvMx Kiv Avm‡jB GKwU `y‡e©va¨ I RwUj
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4.3. B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i m„wó I cÖgvYxKiY
2006
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(authenicated) e‡j ZLbB aiv n‡e hLb (1) GwU †KejgvÎ ¯^v¶iKvixi GKvšÍ wbR¯^ e‡j
cÖZxqgvb nq, (2) Gi gva¨‡g ¯^v¶i`vZv‡K Acic¶ mbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i, (3) Gi e¨env‡ii
Dci ¯^v¶iKvixi wbqš¿Y eRvq _vKvi gZ †Kvb e¨e¯’vq †mwU m„wó nq Ges (4) mshy³ Ab¨
DcvË (†hgb, AbjvBb Pzw³cÎ)-i mv‡_ ¯^v¶iwU Ggbfv‡e mshy³ †h, ¯^v¶i †`qvi ci IB
Dcv‡Ë †Kvb Aby‡gv`bnxb cwieZ©b n‡j †mwU Acic¶ ev Dfq c¶ mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
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¯^v¶i Kiv n‡q‡Q, Acic‡¶i Kv‡Q wVK †m Ae¯’vqB G‡m‡Q, gvSLv‡b †Kvb cwieZ©b nq wb|
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mZ¨vqb Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯^v¶i m„wóKvix "hš¿, †KŠkj ev c×wZ" †evSvi
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m¤¢vebvB _vK‡e bv| aiv hvK, GKwU AbjvBb e¨vsK †jb‡`‡bi K_v| GKvD›Uavixi Kv‡Q
GKwU †Mvcb msL¨v Av‡Q †hwU cÖvB‡fU Kx| wZwb cÖvB‡fU Kx e¨envi K‡i Zvi GKvD›U
†_‡K GKwU †jb‡`‡bi evZ©v cvVv‡jb| Gi gva¨‡g wZwb Zvi wWwRUvj ¯^v¶i w`‡jb Ges †jb‡`bwU
Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jb| †jb‡`‡bi evZ©vwU wZwb †evaMg¨ Bs‡iwR fvlvq †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| †h‡nZz
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†m‡nZz gvSc‡_ evZ©vwU‡K †Mvcb K‡i †djv (Gbwµckb) `iKvi| GKvD›Uavix mdUIq¨v‡ii
mvnvh¨ wb‡q Zvi cÖvB‡fU Kx Gi gva¨‡g evZ©vwU‡K n¨vk c×wZ‡Z msw¶ß K‡i GKwU RwUj
MvwbwZK msL¨vq cwiYZ K‡ib| Gevi cÖvB‡fU Kx w`‡q Gi mvivskwU jywK‡q †d‡jb| G
jyKv‡bv evZ©v †KejgvÎ cvewjK Kx w`‡qB D×vi Kiv m¤¢e| ¯^v¶wiZ evZ©v cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q
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mvivsk D×vi K‡i Zvi wb‡Ri Kiv mvivs‡ki mv‡_ wgjv‡eb| `ywU wg‡j †M‡j ¯^v¶‡ii
cÖvgvYxKiY m¤cbœ nq| GKBfv‡e, cvewjK Kx w`‡q jywK‡q †djv †Kvb evZ©v †KejgvÎ
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Z_¨cÖhyw³ (mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vbKvix KZ©…c¶) wewagvjv, 2010 G B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶‡ii
cÖhyw³MZ w`K¸‡jvi LyuwUbvwU e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q| we‡klZ, 2010 mv‡ji evsjv‡`‡ki
Z_¨cÖhyw³ (mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vbKvix KZ©…c¶) wewagvjvi 3bs wewa‡Z B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i
m„wói cÖwµqv ewY©Z n‡q‡Qt (1) B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i Ggb ms‡KZwjwc (cryptography) Øviv ˆZwi I hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e hv B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i mv‡_ AvcvZ A‡eva¨
AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g m¤cwK©Z n‡q wd‡i Av‡m| (2) B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i m„wó I
hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î ms‡KZwjwci cvewjK Kx (public key cryptography) bv‡gi GKwU c×wZ e¨envi n‡e| GLv‡b ci¯ci MvwYwZKfv‡e m¤cK©hy³ wKš‘
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GKwU Kx e¨eüZ n‡e ¯^v¶i m„wó I Z_¨ DcvˇK A‡eva¨ AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ Ges AciwU
e¨eüZ n‡e ¯^v¶i hvPvBKiY I A‡eva¨ DcvˇK g~j Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨| (3) ¯^v¶i
m„wó I hvPvB Dfq †¶‡Î n¨vk dvskb cÖwµqv eenvi n‡e|[3]
5. B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i mvwU©wd‡KU I Gi wbqš¿Y
2006
mv‡ji Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvB‡b B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i msµvšÍ weavb _vK‡jI Zv‡Z ejv
wQj AvBb cv‡ki 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KZ©…c¶ MVb
Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ AvBbwU cv‡ki gvÎ 20 w`‡bi gv_vq msm‡`i †gqv` †kl n‡q hvq| c‡i
2007 mv‡j ZË¡veavqK miKvi GKwU Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i e¨e¯’v Pvjyi
†Póv K‡ib| 2009 mv‡j Aa¨v‡`kwU ms‡kvab Kiv nq Ges 2010 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki
Z_¨cÖhyw³ (mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`vbKvix KZ©…c¶) wewagvjv cÖYxZ nq| Gi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k
cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i e¨e¯’v Pvjyi my‡hvM m„wó nq| 2011 mv‡ji
Rvbyqvwi‡Z 6wU cÖwZôvb‡K evwYwR¨Kfv‡e wWwRUvj ¯^v¶i mvwU©wd‡KU ˆZwi I evRviRvZ
Kivi AbygwZ †`qv nq| cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K, Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi fvlvq, mvwU©dvwqs A_wiwU
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e¨vcv‡i e¨e¯’v wb‡Z ev †Kvb KvR Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z wb‡`©k †`qvi ¶gZv|[4]
2. Riæix cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡, ALÛZv, wbivcËv, we‡`kx iv‡óªi
mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki eÜyZ¡c~Y© m¤cK©, Rbk„•Ljv I wbivcËv i¶vi ¯^v‡_© ev 2006 mv‡ji
AvB‡bi Aaxb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ †Kvb Aciva Kivi cÖ‡ivPbv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ wbqš¿K miKv‡ii
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Kiv hv‡Z Aby‡gv`bwenxb cÖ‡ek kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡e|[6]
4. m¤¢ve¨ †Kvb AvBb, wewa, wb‡`©k ev jvB‡m‡Ýi kZ© jsN‡bi AvksKv †`Lv
w`‡j c¶‡`i ïbvwbi my‡hvM w`‡q wb‡lavÁvg~jK Av‡`k †`qv[7] Ges jsN‡bi Avk¼v Zvr¶wbK
n‡j ïbvwbi †bvwUk †`qvi mgqB AšÍe©Z©x wb‡lavÁv †`qv[8] hv jw•NZ n‡j m‡e©v”P 10
nvRvi UvKv ch©šÍ Rwigvbv Av‡ivc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|[9]
5. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi †Kvb weavb, Gi Aaxb¯’ †Kvb wewa ev cÖweavb
†gvZv‡eK †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi Dci †Kvb ai‡bi WKz‡g›U, wiUvY© I wi‡cvU©[10] ev Z_¨, eB, BZ¨vw`[11] mvwU©dvBwqs A_wiwU ev wbqš¿‡Ki
Kv‡Q †`qvi weavb _vK‡j Zv hw` jw•NZ nq Zvn‡j m‡e©v”P 10 nvRvi UvKv ch©šÍ
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cÖweav‡b D‡j¬L †bB Ggb Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î wbqš¿K Zvi we‡ePbvgZ m‡e©v”P 25 nvRvi UvKv
ch©šÍ Rwigvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|[13]
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wn‡m‡e 1913 mv‡ji miKvix `vex Av`vq AvB‡bi cÖwµqvq Av`vq Kiv hv‡e|[16]
6. mv¶¨ AvBb 1872 Gi †cÖw¶‡Z B‡j±ªwbK ¯^v¶i
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Avjv`v Av`vjZ cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ 1872 mv‡ji mv¶¨ AvB‡bi †Kvb iKg ms‡kvab ev
cwieZ©‡bi Bw½Z G‡Z †`qv nq wb| ei 2006 mv‡ji AvB‡bi 11 avivq my¯cófv‡e ejv
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The Supreme Courts both
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hvq bv| mv¶¨ AvBb g~jZ `wjj wKfv‡e DÌvwcZ Ges cÖgvwYZ n‡e †m m¤cwK©Z| †h Kw¤cDUvi
ev Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷‡g †iKW©wU ˆZwi †mwUi cÖK…Z gvwjK †K, †mwUi †cÖvMÖv‡gi
wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv KZUzKz, †iK‡W©i wcÖ‡›UW Kwc DÌvwcZ n‡j †mwU gyL¨ mv¶¨ bv †MŠY
mv¶¨, †mwU g~jwUi ûeû bKj wKbv, †iKW©wUi gvwjK KZ©…K GwUi m¤cv`b wKfv‡e cÖgvwYZ
n‡e, `wj‡ji welqe¯‘ m¤c‡K© Av`vj‡Z Dcw¯’Z c‡¶i †`qv mv¶¨ Abycw¯’Z c‡¶i Ae¯’vb
m¤c‡K© RbkªæwZ mv¶¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq wKbv BZ¨vw` cÖkœ Av`vjZ‡K Aek¨B †gvKv‡ejv
Ki‡Z n‡e|
†hgb
aiv hvK, GKwU e¨w³MZ B-‡gB‡ji K_v| e¨w³MZ B-‡gBj mv¶¨ AvBb Abyhvqx miKvix `wjj
bq|[25] Zv-B GwUi mZ¨vwqZ Kwc (certified
copy) w`‡q gyjwU cÖgv‡Yi my‡hvM _vK‡Q bv|[26] †m‡¶‡Î nq gyL¨ mv¶¨ (†hwU
g~j `wjjwU wb‡RB)[27] A_ev †MŠY mv¶¨ (†hwU n‡Z
cv‡i `wjjwUi wcÖ‡›UW Kwc, `wjj m¤cv`bKvixi mv¶¨, BZ¨vw`) w`‡q `wjjwU cÖgvY Ki‡Z
n‡e| G‡¶‡Î gyL¨ mv¶¨ `vex K‡i wcÖ‡›UW `wjjwU Avbv n‡j †mwU Avm‡jB g~j `wjj wKbv
Zv GKwU †hŠw³K cÖkœ| †MŠY mv¶¨ w`‡Z †M‡jI mgm¨v| wbqg n‡”Q e¨w³ hLb mkix‡i
Av`vj‡Z nvwRi n‡q wb‡Ri mv¶¨ †`‡eb †mwU cÖZ¨¶ mv¶¨| †m¶‡Î B-‡gBj †cÖiYKvix ev
MÖnYKvixi †Kvb GKRb Av`vj‡Zi mvg‡b bv _vK‡j cÖPwjZ mv¶¨ AvBb Abyhvqx GKc¶ †h B-‡gBj
wcÖ›U AvDU †`‡e †mwUi e³e¨ Aci c‡¶i Ae¯’vb m¤c‡K© c‡iv¶ mv¶¨ ev RbkªæwZ mv¶¨
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| GKB K_v LvU‡e B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g we‡klÁ gZ †cÖiY Kiv n‡jI|
†m‡¶‡Î we‡kl‡Ái gZ Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨ c‡iv¶ ev RbkªæZ mv¶¨ n‡e Ges `wjjwU mv‡¶¨
AMÖnYxq n‡e| cwiw¯’wZ mvgvj w`‡Z hy³iv‡R¨i gZ †`‡k wmwfj Gwf‡WÝ G¨v± 1972 Ges
1995 Gi gva¨‡g RbkªæwZ mv¶¨‡K Av`vj‡Z MÖnYxq K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q Ges G ai‡bi mv‡¶¨i
IRb KZUzKz n‡e †mwU wba©vi‡Yi fvi Av`vj‡Zi nv‡Z †Q‡o †`qv n‡q‡Q|[28]
myZivs
†`Lv hv‡”Q, Avgv‡`i mv¶¨ AvB‡b B‡j±ªwbK †iKW©‡K mv‡¶¨ MÖnY Kivi cvkvcvwk
†iKW©wU Av`vj‡Z wKfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ I cÖgvwYZ n‡e †mwUI wVK K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| †m‡¶‡Î
mv¶¨ AvB‡bi 3 avivi `wj‡ji msÁv, 61 avivi `wjj cÖgv‡Yi wbqg, 62 avivi gyL¨
mv‡¶¨i wbqg, 63 I 65 avivi †MŠY mv‡¶¨i wbqg Ges 67 avivi n¯ÍwjLb I ¯^v¶i cÖgvY
welqK wbqg¸‡jv ms‡kva‡bi `iKvi n‡e| Avkvi K_v nj, mv¶¨ AvBb 1872 Gi cÖ‡qvRbxq
ms‡kvab m¤c‡K© fviZxq AvB‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Avgv‡`i Rb¨ Bw½Zevnx n‡Z cv‡i|
6.1. 2000 mv‡ji ci fvi‡Z mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e B‡j±ªwbK
†iK‡W©i Ae¯’vb
wbqwgZ
†`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vwi Av`vj‡Z e¨env‡ii j‡¶¨ fvi‡Z 2000 mv‡ji Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³ AvBb cÖYq‡bi cvkvcvwk 1872 mv‡ji mv¶¨ AvBbI ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| mv¶¨
AvB‡bi ms‡kvwaZ 3 avivq mv¶¨ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ... ... "(2) B‡j±ªwbK †iKW© mn Av`vj‡Zi cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨
Dc¯’vwcZ mKj `wjj"- †K| mv‡¶¨i msÁvq B‡j±ªwbK
†iKW© AšÍf©z³ Kivi gva¨‡g fvi‡Zi Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvB‡b B‡j±ªwbK
†iKW© wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z welq¸‡jv‡K mv¶¨ AvB‡b cÖvmw½K K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q|
2000
mv‡ji Av‡M fvi‡Z B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i wcÖ‡›UW Kwc‡K †MŠY mv¶¨ (Secondary
Evidence) wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nZ Ges h_vh_ KZ©…c‡¶i
mZ¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vwcZ `wjjwU‡K g~j `wj‡ji ûeû bKj wn‡m‡e mv‡¶¨ MÖnY Kiv nZ|
2000 mv‡j ms‡kvwaZ AvB‡b B‡j±ªwbK †iK©W Gi Rb¨ 65K I 65L aviv Avjv`v weavb
w`‡q‡Q| 65K I 65L avivq B‡j±ªwbK †iKW© wKfv‡e Av`vj‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e Zv wba©viY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| 65L Abymv‡i †Kvb B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i Wzwc¬‡KU Kwc (wcÖ›U Kwc mn)
Av`vj‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ n‡j †h Kw¤cDUv‡i †iKW©wU m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q ev msiw¶Z Av‡Q †m
Kw¤cDUviwUi wbqš¿‡Y _vKv †Kvb e¨w³‡K G e¨vcv‡i mZ¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e †h -
1. †iKW© m„wói mgq Kw¤cDUviwU wbqwgZ e¨env‡i wQj,
2. †m ai‡Yi †iKW© Ges mswk¬ó Z_¨ H Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷‡g wbqwgZ †XvKv‡bv nZ,
3. †iKW© m„wói mswk¬ó mg‡q Kw¤cDUviwU mwVKfv‡e KvR KiwQj,
4. Wzwc¬‡KU KwcwU g~j B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i ûeû bKj (aviv 65L(2))|
B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i mZ¨vq‡bi mgq mZ¨vqbKvix -
5. g~j B‡j±ªwbK `wjjwU mywbw`©ófv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡eb,
6. g~j B‡j±ªwbK `wjjwU †Kvb cÖwµqvq ˆZwi n‡qwQj Ges
7. †h B‡j±ªwbK wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g ˆZwi n‡qwQj ZvI eY©bv Ki‡eb (aviv
65L(4))|
j¶¨Yxq
e¨vcvi nj, 2012 mv‡j fvi‡Zi mywcÖg †KvU© Anvar
v. P. K. Basheer (Civil Appeal 4226 of 2012) gvgjvi wm×všÍ †`qvi AvM ch©šÍ fvi‡Zi wbæ Av`vjZ B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i
†ejvq mbvZbx c×wZ (A_©vr GwUi wcÖ‡›UW Kwc‡K †MŠY mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Ges h_vh_
KZ©…c‡¶i mZ¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vwcZ `wjjwU‡K g~j `wj‡ji ûeû bKj wn‡m‡e mv‡¶¨ MÖnY
Kiv)-†K AvuK‡o _v‡K| AvšÍR©vwZK mš¿vmev` mswk¬ó wKQz gvgjvq miKvixfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ
I mZ¨vwqZ wKQz B‡j±ªwbK †iKW© g~j `wj‡ji ûeû Dc¯’vcb bq e‡j wewfbœ gnj †_‡K
Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡j, fvi‡Zi mywcÖg †KvU© Anvar
v. P. K. Basheer gvgjvi iv‡qi gva¨‡g G me
†¶‡Î 2000 mv‡j ms‡hvwRZ 65L avivi AbymiY eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i †`b| Kgb j Gi `ywU
AwZ cÖPwjZ g¨vw·g Generalia specialibus non derogant (the
general does not detract from the specific)
Ges Lex
specialis derogat legi generali (special law repeals general law) bxwZi wfwˇZ Av`vjZ e‡jbt
Proof of electronic
record is a special provision introduced by the IT Act amending various
provisions under the Evidence Act. The very caption of Section 65A of the
Evidence Act, read with Sections 59 and 65B is sufficient to hold that the
special provisions on evidence relating to electronic record shall be governed
by the procedure prescribed under Section 65B ofthe Evidence Act. That is a
complete code in itself. Being a special law, the general law under Sections 63
and 65 has to yield.[29]
G
iv‡qi gva¨‡g fviZxq mywcÖg †KvU© B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i †¶‡Î †gŠwLK mv¶¨ †`qvi my‡hvM
eÜ K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|[30]
Z‡e 65L avivi weavb Abymv‡i B‡j±ªwbK †iK‡W©i mZ¨vwqZ Wzwc¬‡KU Av`vj‡Z Dc¯’vc‡bi
ci, Acic¶ Dc¯’vwcZ Wzwc¬‡K‡Ui mZ¨Zv (genuineness)
wb‡q cÖkœ Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| fviZxq mv¶¨ AvB‡bi 22K avivq G ai‡Yi Wzwc¬‡K‡Ui mZ¨Zv
cÖm‡½ †gŠwLK mv¶¨ †`qvi Aby‡gv`b Av‡Q| G‡¶‡Î we‡klÁ mv¶x wn‡m‡e 45K aviv
Abymv‡i Examiner
of Electronic Evidence-†K Av`vj‡Z WvKv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Examiner
of Electronic Evidence-†`i Aek¨ 2000 mv‡ji Z_¨
cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi 79 aviv Abymv‡i wb‡qvM †`qv nq|
7. wewfbœ mvBevi Aciv‡ai msÁv I kvw¯Í
"mvBevi
Aciva" kãwU †Kvb mywbw`©ó AvBb Øviv msÁvwqZ bv n‡jI Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I B›Uvi‡bU
msµvšÍ Aciva¸‡jv mvaviYfv‡e mvBevi Aciva wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| B›Uvi‡bU †hvMv‡hvM ev
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi myÎ a‡i cÖZviYv, e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZv j•Nb, PwiÎ nbb, Kzrmv
iUbv, A‰bwZK I A‡kvfb Qwe I wfwWI aviY, cÖKvk ev cÖKv‡ki ûgwK w`‡q wRw¤§KiY I
A‰bwZK myweav Av`vq Kiv, ag©xq AmwnòzZv
I DMÖ cš’vi cÖPvi, †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡a D¯‹vwb †`qv, Aciv‡ai cwiKíbv Kiv, nZ¨vi ûgwK
†`qv, e¨vsK wnmve I e¨w³MZ Z_¨ Pzwi, GKvD›U wQbZvB (n¨vK) Kiv mn bvbv Aciva
Anin msMwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
2006
mv‡ji AvB‡bi 54 avivq mvBevi Aciv‡ai GKwU we¯Í…Z msÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q| msÁv Abyhvqx
†Kvb Kw¤cDUvi, Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷g ev Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqv‡K© Gi gvwjK ev wR¤§v`v‡ii
AbygwZ Qvov cÖ‡ek, cÖ‡e‡ki †Póv, Gi Z_¨ Pzwi, ¯’vbvšÍi, aŸsm ev ¶wZ Kiv ev Kivi
†Póv, G‡Z `~lK ev msµvgK (virus)
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv ev Kivi †Póv Kiv, †Kvb ˆea gvwjK ev wR¤§v`v‡ii G‡Z cÖ‡e‡k evav
m„wó ev m„wói †Póv, A‰ea AbycÖ‡ekKvwi‡K mnvqZv Kiv, ¯cvg (AhvwPZ I wecYbg~jK
B-†gBj) Drcv`b Kiv Ges KvimvwRi gva¨‡g GKR‡bi Avw_©K `vqfvi A‡b¨i Dci Pvcv‡bv
ev Pvcv‡bvi †Póv Kiv mvBevi Aciva wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|[31] 2013 mv‡ji ms‡kvabxi
gva¨‡g 54 avivi Aciva¸‡jvi Rb¨ m‡e©v”P 10 eQi Ges me©wbæ 7 eQi Kviv`Û, AbwaK 10
jvL UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq kvw¯Íi weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q|[32] 54 avivi Aciva Avgj‡hvM¨
(Cognizable) I A-Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Non-bailable)|
ZvQvov 54 avivi mvaviY msÁvi cvkvcvwk Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvBb 2006-G †ek wKQz mywbw`©ó
mvBevi Aciv‡ai mÁvqb I kvw¯Í weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb -
1. †mvm© †KvW cwieZ©b - 55 aviv †mvm© †KvW m¤cwK©Z| †Kvb †Kvb Kw¤cDUvi, Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷g ev
Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i †mvm© †KvW[33] †Mvcb, aŸsm ev cwieZ©b
Kiv ev Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡j AbwaK 3 eQi Kviv`Û ev AbwaK 3 j¶ UvKv Rwigvbv ev Dfq
`‡Ûi weavb i‡q‡Q|[34] 55 avivi Aciva
A-Avgj‡hvM¨ (Non-cognizable) I Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Bailable)|
2. n¨vwKs - 56(1) avivq n¨vwKs Gi msÁv Av‡Q| †Kvb Kw¤cDUvi wi‡mv‡m©i g~j¨ ev
Dc‡hvwMZv Kwg‡q †`qv, Gi Z_¨ webvk, evwZj ev cwieZ©b Kiv ev G‡Z A‰ea AbycÖ‡e‡ki
gva¨‡g Gi ¶wZ mvab Kiv‡K Z_¨ cÖhyw³ AvB‡b n¨vwKs e‡j aiv n‡e| n¨vwKs Gi
Rb¨ m‡e©v”P 14 eQi Ges me©wbæ 7 eQi
Kviv`Û, AbwaK 1 †KvwU UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq kvw¯Í wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|[35] G Aciva Avgj‡hvM¨ (Cognizable) I A-Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Non-bailable)|
3. gvbnvwb - 57 avivq B›Uvi‡b‡U gvbnvwbKi, wg_¨v, Ak¬xj, bxwZ åó, AvBb k„•Ljvi Rb¨ ûgwK ¯^iƒc ev ag©xq Abyf‚wZ‡Z AvNvZ
`vbKvix ev DmKvwbg~jK e³e¨ I Z_¨ cÖPv‡ii kvw¯Í wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q m‡e©v”P 14 eQi
Ges me©wbæ 7 eQi Kviv`Û, AbwaK 1 †KvwU UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq `Û|[36] 2013 mv‡ji ms‡kva‡bi
gva¨‡g kvw¯Íi gvÎv evov‡bv n‡j welqwU wb‡q weZK© D‡V Ges A‡b‡KB ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨
avivwUi Ace¨env‡ii k¼v cÖKvk K‡ib| 57 avivi Aciva Avgj‡hvM¨ (Cognizable) I A-Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Non-bailable)|
4. msiw¶Z Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷‡gi
j•Nb - 61 avivq miKvi †NvwlZ †Kvb msiw¶Z Kw¤cDUvi,
Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷g ev Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqv‡K© †eAvBwb cÖ‡e‡ki kvw¯Í wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q
m‡e©v”P 14 eQi Ges me©wbæ 7 eQi Kviv`Û, AbwaK 10 j¶ UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq `Û|[37] G Aciva Avgj‡hvM¨ (Cognizable) I A-Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Non-bailable)|
5. e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZv j•Nb - 63 avivq B›Uvi‡b‡U e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZvi myi¶v †`qv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb e¨w³i
Aby‡gv`b Qvov Zvui B‡j±ªwbK †iKW©, eB, †iwR÷ªvi, cÎ †hvMv‡hvM, Z_¨, `wjj ev Ab¨
†Kvb welqe¯‘ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i Kv‡Q cÖKv‡ki Aciv‡a Acivaxi m‡e©v”P `yB eQi Kviv`Û,
AbwaK 2 j¶ UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq `Û wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|[38] G Aciva A-Avgj‡hvM¨ (Non-cognizable) I Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Bailable)|
6. B›Uvi‡bU msµvšÍ Aciv‡a
mnvqZv - 66 avivq †h †Kvb ai‡Yi B›Uvi‡bU msµvšÍ Aciv‡a
mnvqZv Kiv‡K Aciva MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡¶‡Î g~j Aciv‡ai †h kvw¯Í wba©vwiZ
mnvqZvi Rb¨I †m kvw¯Í wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|[39] 67 aviv †Kv¤cvwb ev
cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^Ë¡v KZ©…K Aciva msNU‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| G †¶‡Î †Kv¤cvwb ev cÖwZôv‡bi
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kv¤cvwbi g¨v‡bRvi ev `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v‡`i `vq `vwq‡Z¡i K_v ejv
Av‡Q|
7. c‡Y©vMÖvwd wbqš¿Y AvBb
2012 †Z mÁvwqZ Aciva I kvw¯Í - 2006 mv‡ji
Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi 57 avivq Ak¬xj I bxwZåó e³e¨ I Z_¨ B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖPv‡ii kvw¯Í
weavb Kiv n‡jI mvBevi c‡Y©vMÖvwdi e¨vcKZv Dcjw× K‡i 2012 mv‡j G m¤cwK©Z GKwU
we‡kl AvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cY©MÖvwd AvBb 2012 Gi 2(M) avivq "c‡b©vMÖvwd"i
GKwU we¯Í…Z A_© †`qv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡”Q - (1) †hŠb D‡ËRbv m„wóKvix †Kvb Ak¬xj
msjvc, Awfbq, A½fw½, bMœ ev Aa©bMœ b„Z¨ hvnv Pjw”PÎ, wfwWI wPÎ, AwWI wfR¨yqvj
wPÎ, w¯’i wPÎ, MÖvwdKm ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q aviYK…Z I cÖ`k©b‡hvM¨ Ges hvi †Kvb
ˆkwíK ev wk¶vMZ g~j¨ †bB; Ges (2) †hŠb D‡ËRbv m„wóKvix Ak¬xj eB, mvgwqKx, fv¯‹h©,
Kíg~wZ©, g~wZ©, KvUzb© ev wjd‡jU" BZ¨vw` c‡Y©vMÖvwdi AšÍf©z³ n‡e| msÁvwU
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z cwic~Y© cÖZxqgvb n‡jI "ˆkwíK I wk¶vMZ g~j¨" wba©viY GKwU
RwUj mgm¨v| Ab¨w`‡K c‡b©vMÖvwd Drcv`b, msi¶Y, aviY ev cÖ`k©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ
K¨v‡giv, Kw¤cDUvi ev Kw¤cDUvi hš¿vsk, wmwW, wfwmwW, wWwfwW, AcwUK¨vj wWfvBm,
g¨vM‡bwUK wWfvBm, †gvevBj †dvb ev Dnvi hš¿vsk Ges †h †Kv‡bv B‡j±ªwbK, wWwRUvj
ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖhyw³wfwËK wWfvBm 2012 mv‡ji AvB‡b c‡b©vMÖvwd miÄvg e‡j we‡ewPZ
n‡e|[40]
c‡Y©vMÖvwd wbqš¿Y
AvBb 2012 Gi 8(1) avivq c‡b©vMÖvwd Drcv`b ev Drcv`b Askx`vwi,
KvD‡K Drcv`‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv A_ev cÖ‡jvf‡b AskMÖnY Kwi‡q Zvi Áv‡Z ev
AÁv‡Z w¯’i wPÎ, wfwWI wPÎ ev Pjw”PÎ aviY Kiv BZ¨vw` Aciv‡ai Rb¨ m‡e©v”P 7 (mvZ)
ermi ch©šÍ mkªg Kviv`Û Ges 2,00,000 (`yB j¶) UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`Û wba©viY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| c‡b©vMÖvwdi gva¨‡g Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i mvgvwRK ev e¨w³ gh©v`v nvwb Kiv ev
fqfxwZi gva¨‡g A_© ev Ab¨ †Kvb myweav Av`vq ev gvbwmK wbh©vZ‡bi Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í
m‡e©v”P 5 (cvuP) ermi ch©šÍ mkªg Kviv`Û Ges 2,00,000 (`yB j¶) UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`Û|[41] B›Uvi‡bU ev I‡qemvBU ev †gvevBj †dvb ev Ab¨
†Kvb B‡jKUªwbK wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g c‡b©vMÖvwd mieivn Kivi kvw¯Í m‡e©v”P 5 (cvuP)
ermi ch©šÍ mkªg Kviv`Û Ges 2,00,000 (`yB j¶) UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`Û|[42] c‡b©vMÖvwd cÖ`k©‡bi
gva¨‡g MYDc`ªe m„wó Kivi Rb¨ m‡e©v”P 2 (`yB) ermi ch©šÍ mkªg Kviv`Û Ges
1,00,000 (GK j¶) UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`Û|[43] c‡b©vMÖvwd weµq, fvov,
weZiY, mieivn, cÖKv‡k¨ cÖ`k©b ev cÖPvi A_ev G ai‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ¯‘Z, Drcv`b,
cwienb ev msi¶Y ev c‡b©vMÖvwd cÖvwß ¯’vb m¤c‡K© weÁvcb cÖPvi A_ev G ai‡Yi Aciv‡ai
D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ m‡e©v”P 2 (`yB) ermi mkªg Kviv`Û Ges 1,00,000 (GK j¶) UvKv
ch©šÍ A_©`Û wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|[44] wkï e¨envi K‡i c‡b©vMÖvwd
Drcv`b, weZiY, gy`ªY I cÖKvkbv A_ev wkï c‡b©vMÖvwd weµq, mieivn ev cÖ`k©b A_ev
wkï c‡b©vMÖvwd weÁvcb cÖPv‡ii Aciv‡ai Rb¨ m‡e©v”P 10(`k) ermi ch©šÍ mkªg Kviv`Û
Ges 5,00,000 (cvuP j¶) UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`Û wba©vwiZ Av‡Q|[45] 2012 mv‡ji AvB‡bi Aaxb †h
†Kvb Aciv‡ai mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e RwoZ ev mnvqZvKvix e¨w³ cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKB `‡Û `wÛZ n‡eb|[46] G AvB‡bi Aciva Avgj‡hvM¨
(Cognizable) I A-Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Non-bailable)|[47]
8. cÖ¯ÍvweZ mvBevi wbivcËv
AvBb 2015 †Z mÁvwqZ Aciva I kvw¯Í -
cÖ¯ÍvweZ mvBevi wbivcËv AvBb 2015 n‡”Q g~jZ 2006 mv‡ji AvBb I 2012 mv‡ji
c‡Y©vMÖvwd AvB‡b msÁvwqZ wewfbœ Aciv‡ai msÁvi we¯Í…wZ I kvw¯Íi K‡VviZv evov‡bvi
cÖ¯Íve| wewfbœ Aciv‡a Kviv`‡Ûi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q 1 †_‡K 20 eQi ch©šÍ| A_©`‡Ûi
weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q 3 j¶ †_‡K 1 †KvwU UvKv ch©šÍ| e¨w³i †¶‡Î 20 eQi Kviv`‡Ûi mv‡_
¶q¶wZi wظb ev 30 j¶ †hUv †ewk †mB cwigvb A_©`‡Ûi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| Dciš‘, mËv
(†hgb †Kvb cÖwZôvb) cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ¶q¶wZi wظb ev 1 †KvwU UvKvi g‡a¨ †hUv †ewk
†mB cwigvb A_©`‡Ûi m¤§yLxb n‡e| wkï c‡b©vMÖvwdi `v‡q GKRb e¨w³i m‡e©v”P 10eQi
Kviv`Û Ges 10 j¶ UvKv A_©`Û n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b cÖ¯ÍvweZ GKwU Aciva n‡”Q c‡b©vMÖvwd
†`Lv| cÖ¯ÍvweZ AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †KD ÒKw¤cDUvi ev Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g
c‡b©vMÖvdx ev Ak¬xj Dcv`v‡b cÖ‡ek"[48] Ki‡j wZwb AbwaK 7 (mvZ)
ermi Kviv`‡Û, ev AbwaK 5 (cvuP) j¶ UvKv A_©`Û, ev Dfq `‡Û `wÛZ n‡eb|[49] A‡b‡KB GwU‡K GKwU
A¯^vfvweK weavb e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|[50] †`Lv hvq Kv‡iv I‡qemvB‡U
Z…Zxq c‡¶i c‡Y©vMÖvwdK weÁvc‡bi Dci H e¨w³ ev mvB‡Ui gvwj‡Ki wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv|
weÁvcb`vZviv H mvBU ågYKvix‡`i B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs wnw÷ª hvPvB K‡i weÁvcb †`Lvq
†hwU I‡qemvB‡Ui gvwj‡Ki e¨w³MZ wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K bv| mvBevi wbivcËv AvB‡bi me¸‡jv
avivq †MÖdZvi nIqv e¨w³iv Rvwgb‡hvM¨ n‡eb bv|[51]
7.1. AwZivwóªK mvBevi GLwZqvi
Z_¨
cÖhyw³ †hvMv‡hvM AvBb 2006 Gi ïiæ‡ZB ejv n‡q‡Q GwU mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡e|[52] AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM‡¶Î Aek¨
evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡iI we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i †Kvb
Aciva n‡j Zv Ggbfv‡e †`Lv n‡e †hb AcivawU evsjv‡`‡kB n‡q‡Q|[53] evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i †_‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb Kw¤cDUvi, Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷g ev Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki †fZi Aciva n‡j †m AcivawU‡KI Ggbfv‡e †`Lv n‡e †hb Aciv‡ai m¤c~Y©
cÖwµqv evsjv‡`‡kB msNwUZ n‡q‡Q|[54] evsjv‡`‡ki †fZi †_‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i †Kvb Aciva n‡j Zv‡KI Ggbfv‡e
†`Lv n‡e †hb Aciv‡ai m¤c~Y© cÖwµqv evsjv‡`‡kB msNwUZ n‡q‡Q|[55]
8. mvBevi Aciva Z`šÍ
Z_¨
I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb 2006 Gi 76 aviv g‡Z mvBevi Aciva Z`‡šÍi †¶‡Î wbqš¿K
GKRb Kg©KZ©v‡K Z`šÍfvi w`‡Z cv‡ib A_ev cywjk cÖkvm‡bi mve-B݇c±i c`exi bx‡P bb
Ggb †KD mvBevi Aciv‡ai Z`šÍ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|[56] Z‡e wbqš¿‡Ki wbhy³
Kg©KZ©v Z`šÍ ïiæ Ki‡j cywjk Ki‡e bv, cywjk Z`šÍ ïiæ Ki‡j Kg©KZ©v n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡eb
bv|[57] Aek¨ myôz Z`‡šÍi ¯^v‡_©
miKvi ev mvBevi UªvBe¨ybvj Kg©KZ©v n‡Z cywj‡k A_ev cywjk n‡Z Kg©KZ©vi Kv‡Q
Z`šÍfvi n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|[58] 80 avivq Z`šÍKvix cywjk
Awdmvi ev Z`šÍKvix Kg©KZ©v‡K †h †Kvb m‡›`nRbK ¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek, Zj¬vwk Ges m‡›`nfvRb
†h †Kvb e¨w³‡K AvUK ev †MÖdZv‡ii ¶gZv †`qv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Z`šÍ, c‡ivqvbv, Zj¬vwk,
†MÖdZvi I AvU‡Ki †¶‡Î †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewa AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|[59] 2015 mv‡j cÖ¯ÍvweZ mvBevi
wbivcËv AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q †Kvb cywjk Kg©KZ©v ÒZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ †¶‡Î h‡_ó
Ávb I `¶ZvÓ iv‡Lb GB g‡g© AvBwR ev wbqš¿‡Ki KvQ †_‡K wjwLZ mb` †c‡jB †Kej wZwb
Kw¤cDUvi, Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷g, ev Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|[60] 2006 mv‡ji AvB‡b mvBevi
Aciva Z`‡šÍi Rb¨ †Kvb mgqmxgv †eu‡a †`qv bv n‡jI, 2012 mv‡ji c‡Y©vMÖvwd AvB‡bi
5 avivq H AvB‡bi Aaxb Aciva Z`‡šÍi mgqmxgv 30 w`b Ges m‡e©v”P 75 w`b wba©viY
Kiv Av‡Q|[61] 2015 mv‡j cÖ¯ÍvweZ mvBevi wbivcËv AvB‡bi AvIZvq Z`šÍ
KvR `yB gv‡m †kl Kivi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q|[62] Z`‡šÍi †¶‡Î 2015 mv‡ji cÖ¯ÍvweZ AvB‡b Aek¨ `ywU AvMÖnDÏxcK avivI
i‡q‡Qt
(1)
†Kvb Pjgvb Z`‡šÍ Z`šÍKvix Kg©KZ©v ev cywjk Kg©KZ©v †Kvb Kw¤cDUv‡ii WvUv GK mßvn
msi¶‡Yi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib| GB wb‡`©k wjwLZ n‡Z n‡e| Gi AwZwi³ mg‡qi `iKvi co‡j
UªvBeybv‡ji Av‡`‡ki gva¨‡g m‡e©v”P 90w`b GUv ewa©Z Kiv hv‡e| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`k
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡Zv Z_¨ msi¶Y eva¨Zvg~jK (†hgb, Rvg©vwb‡Z 6 gv‡mi
B›Uvi‡bU WvUv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g msi¶‡bi AvBb Av‡Q) K‡iwb †m‡nZz ÒwjwLZ wPwVÓ †cŠuQv‡bvi
Av‡MB WvUv aŸsm K‡i †djv LyeB m¤¢e| GLv‡b Av‡iKwU RwUjZv i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq
me¸‡jv RbwcÖq mvBUB evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i †_‡K †nv÷ Kiv| G‡`i †¶‡Î Z`šÍ Kg©KZ©vi
KiYxq wba©viY Lye KwVb|
(2)
c‡b©vMÖvwd wbqš¿b AvBb 2012 Gi 7 avivq we‡klÁ gZvgZ‡K Av`vj‡Z mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Kivi weavb _vK‡jI[63] 2015 mv‡ji cÖ¯ÍvweZ AvB‡b
wePvi I Z`šÍ ch©v‡q †Kvb we‡kl‡Ái civg‡k©i welqwU RwUjZvc~Y©| 2015 mv‡ji AvB‡b wePviKv‡h© Av`vjZ we‡kl‡Ái mnvqZv
†b‡eb wKbv †mUvI cwi¯‹vi bq| we‡kl‡Ái mvnvh¨ cÖm‡½ †h avivwU i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b ejv
n‡q‡Q we‡klÁ WvKvi ÒLiPvcvwZ me H Kg©KZ©v [Z`šÍ Kg©KZ©v ev cywjk Awdmvi] enb
Kwi‡ebÓ|[64]
Gi A_© `vuov‡Z cv‡i †h we‡kl‡Ái mvnvh¨ miKvwi Li‡P n‡e bv| GiKg weavb A‡bK
AbvKvw•LZ wecwË evuav‡Z cv‡i| Kg©KZ©vi hw` LiP wb‡R enb Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j
Aek¨¤¢vexfv‡e a‡i †bqv hvq Z`‡šÍ †Kvb we‡klÁ gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv n‡e bv|
9. mvBevi Aciva wePvi
2006
mv‡ji AvB‡b mvBevi Aciva wePv‡ii Rb¨ we‡klvwqZ UªvBeyb¨vj MV‡bi K_v ejv n‡jI
2012 mv‡ji c‡Y©vMÖvwd AvB‡b miKv‡ii wm×v‡šÍ †h †Kvb Av`vjZ‡K GLwZqvi †`qvi K_v
Av‡Q|
9.1. mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj
Z_¨
I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi 68 aviv mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj welqK| G AvB‡b mÁvwqZ
Aciva¸‡jv wePv‡ii Rb¨ `vqiv RR ev AwZwi³ `vqiv RR‡K wePviK K‡i GK ev GKvwaK
mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj MVb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|[65] GK ev GKvwaK `vqiv A‡ji
GLwZqvi wb‡qI mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|[66] 74 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q G
AvB‡bi AvIZvq mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj MwVZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ `vqiv Av`vjZ GLvbKvi
Aciva¸‡jv wePvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| 2013 mv‡j XvKvq GKwU mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj MwVZ nq|
Gici †_‡K XvKv Qvov Ab¨ †Kv_vI Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi gvgjv n‡j †mwU H GjvKvi
`vwqZ¡cÖvß g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vj‡Z M„nxZ nq| Z`šÍ AvBbvbyhvqx Pj‡Z _v‡K| Avmvgx
†MÖdZvi n‡j Rvwgb cÖv_©bvi Rb¨ Avmvgx XvKvi mvBevi UªvBeyb¨v‡j Av‡e`b K‡ib|
UªvBeyb¨vj Rvwgb †`qv bv †`qvi wm×všÍ †b‡eb| Z`‡šÍi ci cywjk PvR©kxU ev dvBbvj
wi‡cvU© hv-B †`‡e Zv XvKvi mvBevi UªvBeyb¨v‡j cvVv‡bv n‡e| gvgjvi cieZ©x
avc¸‡jv XvKvi mvBevi UªvBeyb¨v‡jB Pj‡e|[67]
9.2. mvBevi UªvBey¨bv‡ji ¶gZv I wePvi cÖwµqv
69 avivq mvBevi UªvBeyb¨v‡ji wePvi cÖwµqv wba©viY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| b‚b¨Zg mve-B݇c±i c`gh©v`vi Z`šÍKvix cywjk Kg©KZ©vi wi‡cvU© A_ev
wbqš¿K wbhy³ Z`šÍKvix Kg©KZ©vi c~e©vby‡gv`b mv‡c‡¶ mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj †Kvb Aciva
wePviv‡_© MÖnY Ki‡eb|[68]
UªvBeyb¨vj wePvi cÖwµqvq †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai (`vqiv Av`vj‡Zi wePvi cÖwµqv welqK)
23Zg Aa¨vq AbymiY Ki‡eb|[69]
KvD‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv Am¤¢e g‡b n‡j A_ev Dcw¯’Z n‡q ev Rvwg‡b gy³ n‡q †KD cjvZK n‡j
Zvi wePvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Kiv hv‡e|[70]
Dchy³ g‡b Ki‡j UªvBeyb¨vj Z`šÍKvix cywjk ev wbqš¿K
wbhy³ Kg©KZ©v‡K cybtZ`šÍ K‡i wi‡cvU© w`‡Z ej‡Z cv‡ib|[71]
71 aviv Rvwgb welqK| Rvwgb †`qvi †¶‡Î UªvBeyb¨vj Aek¨B miKvic¶‡K ïb‡eb Ges mš‘ó
n‡eb †h, Acivax †`vlx mve¨¯Í bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q A_ev †`vlx mve¨¯Í n‡jI K‡Vvi
kvw¯Í bvI n‡Z cv‡i|[72]
77 avivq UªvBeyb¨vj‡K Aciv‡a e¨eüZ Kw¤cDUvi, Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷g, d¬wc wW¯‹, Kgc¨v±
wW¯‹, ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb Avbylvw½K Kw¤cDUvi DcKiY ev‡Rqvß Kivi Av‡`k †`qvi ¶gZv
†`qv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e miKvix ev mswewae× miKvix KZ©…c‡¶i Kw¤cDUvi mvgMÖx ev‡Rqvß Kiv
hv‡e bv|[73]
UªvBeyb¨vj Awf‡hvM MV‡bi 6 gv‡mi g‡a¨ wePvi †kl
Ki‡eb| wba©vwiZ 6 gv‡m m¤¢e bv n‡j wjwLZ KviY `wk©‡q UªvBeyb¨vj cieZ©x 3 gv‡mi
g‡a¨ wePvi †kl Ki‡eb| GiciI AwZwi³ mgq jvM‡j †mwUi e¨vcv‡i nvB‡KvU© I wbqš¿K‡K
AewnZ K‡i gvgjvi wePvi Pvwj‡q hv‡eb|[74]
mv¶¨ ev hyw³ ZK© †kl nIqvi 10 w`b A_ev m‡e©v”P 20 w`‡bi g‡a¨ UªvBeyb¨vj ivq †`‡eb|[75]
9.3. mvBevi Gwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨vj
mvBevi
UªvBeyb¨vj ev `vqiv Av`vj‡Zi wm×v‡šÍi weiæ‡× Avcxj ïbvwb I wb®cwËi Rb¨[76] miKvi wbhy³ GKRb
†Pqvig¨vb Ges `yRb m`m¨ wb‡q mvBevi Gwc‡jU UªvBe¨ybvj MwVZ n‡e|[77] mycÖxg‡Kv‡U©i wePviK
wQ‡jb ev Av‡Qb ev wePviK wnmv‡e wb‡qvM jv‡fi †hvM¨ Ggb †KD †Pqvig¨vb n‡eb|
m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb n‡eb GKRb Kg©iZ A_ev AemicÖvß †Rjv RR Ges Ab¨ Rb n‡eb Z_¨
†hvMv‡hvM I cÖhyw³ wel‡q wba©vwiZ Ávb I AwfÁZv m¤cbœ GKRb e¨w³|[78] †Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨iv
wb‡qv‡Mi ZvwiL n‡Z me©wbæ wZb eQi Ges m‡ev©”P cvuP eQi `vwq‡Z¡ _vK‡eb Ges Zv‡`i
PvKzixi kZ© miKvi wba©viY Ki‡e|[79]
Avcxj
wb®cwˇZ Gwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨vj 2006 mv‡ji AvB‡bi AvIZvq cÖYxZ wewa Øviv wbqwš¿Z
n‡e| wewa cÖYxZ bv n‡j Gwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨vj †dŠR`vwi Avcxj ïbvwbi Rb¨ nvB‡KvU©
wefvM †h c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib †m c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡e|[80] ïbvwb †k‡l Gwc‡jU
UªvBe¨ybvj mvBevi UªvBey¨bv‡ji †`qv ivq ev Av‡`k envj, evwZj, cwieZ©b, ev
ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib|[81] Gwc‡jU UªvBe¨ybv‡ji
wm×všÍ P‚ovšÍ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|[82]
AvB‡bi
AvIZvq mvBevi Gwc‡jU UªvBe¨ybvj MwVZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ mycÖxg‡Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M
Avcxj `v‡qi Kiv hv‡e|[83]
10. Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi `ye©jZv I Avbylvw½K NvUwZ
2006
mv‡ji Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb mn B›Uvi‡bU welqK Ab¨vb¨ AvB‡bi mvgwMÖK cv‡V
wbæwjwLZ wKQz `ye©jZv I mgm¨v †Pv‡L c‡ot
1. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb 2006 cÖYq‡bi ci evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡hvR¨ Ab¨vb¨
wKQz AvB‡bi ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †hgb -
1) B‡j±ªwbK †iKW© I ¯^v¶‡ii †¶‡Î mv¶¨ AvBb 1872, AbjvBb e¨vswKs
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨vsKvi ewn mv¶¨ AvBb, 1891 Ges evsjv‡`k e¨vsK AW©vi 1972[84] Gi AwaKZi ms‡kvabxi
cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| †hgbwU Dc‡ii mv¶¨ AvB‡bi Av‡jvPbvq ejv n‡q‡Q, 2006 mv‡ji AvB‡bi
87 avivq wKQz msÁvi cwiwa evov‡bv n‡jI, G msµvšÍ Av‡iv A‡bK RwUj cÖkœ AgxgvswmZ
i‡q †M‡Q|
2) 1885 mv‡ji †UwjMÖvd AvBbwU †ek †m‡K‡j Ges eZ©gv‡b AKvh©Ki| B›Uvi‡b‡U
Qvov mvs‡KwZK (encrypted) evZ©v MÖnY I
weZi‡Yi Dci AwaKZi wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Ki‡Z †UwjMÖvd AvBbwU ms‡kvab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
3) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb 2006 †ek wKQz †gŠwjK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q
bxie| †hgb - B›Uvi‡b‡U eyw×wfwËK m¤c` AvBb (†hgb - KwcivBU, †UªWgvK© I †c‡U›U)
j•Nb m¤cwK©Z Aciva‡K 2006 mv‡ji AvB‡b we‡ePbvB Kiv nqwb| G‡¶‡Î 1940 mv‡ji
†UªWgvK© AvBb‡K 2003 mv‡j AvswkK ms‡kvab Ges 2009 mv‡j cwic~Y© cÖwZ¯’vcb, 2013
mv‡j †fŠ‡MvwjK wb‡`©kK cY¨ (wbeÜb I myi¶v) AvBb cÖYqb Ges †c‡U›U I wWRvBb AvBb,
1911-†K 2003 mv‡j ms†kvab, 2000 mv‡j KwcivBU AvBb cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡b‡U
eyw×wfwËK m¤c` myi¶vi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G AvBb¸‡jv AvaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³i mv‡_
gvbvbmB AvKv‡i cÖYxZ n‡jI, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvB‡b eyw×wfwËK m¤c` myiw¶Z
n‡j Zv G‡¶‡Î AwaKZi mgš^q mvab KiZ|
2. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi wKQz weavb A¯có Ges e¨vL¨vi `vex iv‡L|
†hgb - evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i †Kvb we‡`kx
bvMwiK evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡b Aciva GiKg †Kvb Aciva Ki‡j Zv Kxfv‡e
ev¯Íem¤§Zfv‡e wb®cwË Kiv n‡e †m m¤c‡K© †Kvb aviYv †`qv nqwb| ZvQvov Acivax †h
iv‡óª Ae¯’vb K‡i Aciva K‡ib †m ivóªI Zvi wePvi Ki‡Z PvB‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î ˆØZ
GLwZqv‡ii cÖkœwU A‡bKUvB AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb wbf©i n‡q c‡o| †`Lv hv‡”Q, AvšÍR©vwZK
mn‡hvwMZv Ges AvšÍtivóªxq mgš^q Qvov 4 aviv ev¯Íevqb A‡bKUvB Am¤¢e| ZviciI Z_¨
I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvB‡b 4 avivi Dcw¯’wZ wKQzUv e¨vL¨v mv‡c‡¶ MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z
cv‡i| 2015 mv‡j cÖ¯ÍvweZ mvBevi wbivcËv AvB‡bi 31 avivq e¨vL¨v K‡i ejv n‡q‡Qt
Ò[mvBevi] Aciva m¤cwK©Z wel‡q AbymÜvb, cÖwmwKDkb Ges wePvwiK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡kœ Aciva m¤cwK©Z wel‡q cvi¯cwiK mnvqZv AvBb 2012-i
mg weavbvewj cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|Ó Aek¨ 2012 mv‡ji cvi¯cwiK mnvqZv AvBbwU Avm‡j KZUv
Kvh©Kix †mwU c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k cvwj‡q _vKv e½eÜy nZ¨v gvgjvi Avmvgx I
hy×vcivax‡`i †`‡k wdwi‡q Avbvi e¨_©Zvi w`‡K bRi w`‡j †evSv hvq|
3. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb
2006 Gi wKQz avivi nqivwbgyjK Ace¨env‡ii Avk¼v Av‡Q| †hgb -
1) G AvB‡bi 57 avivq B›Uvi‡b‡U gvbnvwb, wg_¨v I ag©xq Abyf‚wZ‡Z AvNvZ
`vbKvix ev DmKvwbg~jK e³e¨ I Z_¨ cÖPv‡ii kvw¯Í wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q m‡e©v”P 14 eQi
Ges me©wbæ 7 eQi Kviv`Û, AbwaK 1 †KvwU UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq `Û| G ai‡Yi Aciv‡ai
Rb¨ `Û wewa‡Z cÖ¯ÍvweZ kvw¯Íi Zzjbvq G AvB‡bi kvw¯Í A‡bK †ekx| ZvQvov wbqwgZ
Av`vjZ ev` w`‡q UªvBeyb¨v‡j AcivawUi wePv‡ii my‡hvM _vKvq A‡b‡KB ivR‰bwZK
D‡Ï‡k¨ avivwUi Ace¨env‡ii k¼v cÖKvk K‡ib|
2) G AvB‡bi 80 avivq Z`‡šÍi `vwqZ¡cÖvß cywjk Kg©KZ©v‡K AvB‡bi wePv‡i
AMÖnY‡hvM¨ wKQz ¶gZv †`qv n‡q‡Q hvi mvsweavwbKZv cÖkœ mv‡c¶| †hgb - cÖ‡qvRbxq
Iqv‡i›U ev Av`vj‡Zi c~e©eZ©x Aby‡gv`b Qvov †h †Kvb "cvewjK †c¬m" G
cÖ‡ek, Zj¬vwk ev †h KvD‡K (whwb Aciva K‡i‡Qb, ev Ki‡Z P‡j‡Qb ev Ki‡Z cv‡ib e‡j
m†›`n †cvlY Kiv nq) †MÖdZvi Kivi weavb ivLv Av‡Q| Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q G avivwUI
†dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai 54 avivi gZ Ace¨envi Kiv n‡Z cv‡i|
3) G AvB‡bi 86 avivq miKvix evwnbx ev Kg©KZ©vi "mij wek¦v‡m"
Kiv †Kvb Kv‡Ri d‡j †Kvb e¨w³ ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡j Zvi weiæ‡× †`Iqvbx ev †dŠR`vix gvgjv
ev Ab¨ †Kvb AvBbMZ c`‡¶c evwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G ai‡Yi cvBKvwi `vqgyw³ mvBevi Aciva
Z`‡šÍ wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i `vwqZ¡Ávbnxb AvPi‡Y DrmvwnZ Ki‡e|[85]
Aek¨ 2012 mv‡ji cY©MÖvwd wbqš¿Y AvB‡bi 13 aviv G‡¶‡Î GKwU cÖMwZkxj weavb
w`‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q nqivwbg~jK wg_¨v gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv n‡j AvB‡bi Aax‡b `vwqZ¡cÖvß
Kg©KZ©v m‡e©v”P 2 (`yB) ermi mkªg Kviv`Û Ges 1,00,000 (GK j¶) UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`‡Û
`wÛZ n‡eb| Ab¨w`‡K wg_¨v gvgjvi Awf‡hvM wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ n‡j, Awf‡hvMKvix wb‡RB
m‡e©v”P 2 (`yB) ermi mkªg Kviv`Û Ges 1,00,000 (GK j¶) UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`‡Û `wÛZ
n‡eb|
4. mvBevi Aciva cywjk evwnbxi m¶gZv I `¶Zvi me‡P‡q eo cix¶K| G †¶‡Î
cywjk evwnbx‡K RvZxq I AvÂwjK cywjwks Gi evB‡i wM‡q AvšÍR©vwZK cywjwks Gi m¶gZv
AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i cywjk evwnbx‡Z GKwU mvBevi µvBg Bb‡fw÷‡Mkb †mj
_vK‡jI, cÖwk¶Y, m¶gZv e„w× I `¶Zv AR©‡bi KvRwU GLb cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q| d‡j
2006 mv‡ji AvB‡bi cy‡iv Kvh©KvwiZv AR©b GL‡bv mgq mv‡c¶| G AvB‡bi 80 avivq Z_¨
cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi gvgjvi Z`šÍ I Awf‡hvMcÎ †`qvi ¶gZv Ab~b¨ GKRb cywjk B݇c±i c`exi
Kg©KZ©vi nv‡Z †`qvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq wk¶v I †ckvMZ `¶Zvi
K_v D‡j¬L †bB| cÖ¯Íve Av‡Q †h, G ai‡bi gvgjvi Z`šÍKvix Kg©KZ©vi byb¨Zg Z_¨
cÖhyw³ †¶‡Î GKwU mœvZK ev wW‡c¬vgv wWMÖx
_vK‡e|
5. GKB K_v LvU‡e wePvi wefvMxq Kg©KZ©v‡`i †ejvqI| †Rjv I `vqiv RR
ch©v‡qi wePviK wb‡q mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj Ges mvBevi Avwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨vj MwVZ nIqvi
¯^vfvweK A_© n‡”Q Avgv‡`i wbæ wePvi Av`vj‡Zi D”P c`¯’ wePviK‡`i Z_¨cÖhyw³ Ávb
Ges cÖwk¶Y m¤c~Y© bZzbfv‡e AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| bexb I ga¨ eqmx wePviKiv G‡¶‡Î wKQzUv
GwM‡q _vK‡jI UªvBeyb¨v‡ji fwel¨r wePviK wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i cÖwk¶Y I `¶Zv AR©‡bi KvRwU
GLb †_‡KB ïiæ Kiv Avek¨K|
6. wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖwk¶Y I `¶Zv e„w×i cvkvcvwk wePvwiK ¯^vaxbZvi cÖkœwUI
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi g~j ¯Í¤¢ n‡jI, mvBevi
Gwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨v‡ji †ejvq wePviK cQ›`, wb‡qvM, wePvi‡Ki †gqv` BZ¨vw` cy‡ivcywi
miKvi wbqwš¿Z| AvB‡bi 56 avivq mvBevi Gwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨v‡ji wcÖmvBwWs Kg©KZ©v wb‡qv‡Mi
†¶‡Î miKv‡ii ¶gZv‡K GemjyU Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q ïay gvÎ MVbRwbZ ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y
mvBevi Gwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨vj‡K cÖkœwe× Kiv hv‡e bv| G weavbwU bvMwi‡Ki msweavb cÖ`Ë
†gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii cwicš’x e‡j Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| A_P, 2013 mv‡j Z_¨cÖhyw³ AvBb
ms‡kva‡bi ci GwU eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg K‡Vvi GKwU AvBb Ges G Kvi‡Y G‡Z
RbM‡Yi b¨vqwePvi cÖvwß wbwðZ KivI †ekx Riæix n‡q c‡o|
7. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ AvB‡bi cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvMZ msKUI j¶¨Yxq| 2006 mv‡ji AvB‡b
Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †i¸‡jUwi `vwqZ¡ wbqš¿‡Ki Kv‡Q †`qv n‡jI, B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †eZvi Zi½
(†iwWI wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ) eivÏ I Z`vi‡Ki KvR †`qv n‡q‡Q †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿Y Kwgkb
(wewUAviwm) Gi nv‡Z| mvBevi Aciva Z`‡šÍI cywjk Ges wbqš¿‡Ki ˆØZ GLwZqvi Kvh©Ki
Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvBevi Aciva wePv‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v UªvBeyb¨vj MVb Kiv n‡jI, mvBevi
c‡Y©vMÖvwd AvBb 2012 Gi Aciva Z`šÍ I wePv‡ii fvi miKv‡ii cQ›` Abyhvqx Ab¨
†h‡Kvb e¨w³, ms¯’v ev Av`vjZ‡K †`qvi my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q|[86] mgm¨v mgvav‡b miKv‡ii Ask
wn‡m‡e GKwU mvBevi µvBg ms¯’v ¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †hwU GK mv‡_ †i¸‡jUwi dvskb,
B›Uvi‡bU e¨e¯’vcbv I †mevi gvb wbqš¿‡Yi cvkvcvwk mvBevi Aciva, Z`šÍ, wbqš¿Y I
ch©‡e¶‡Yi KvR Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K cY©MÖvwd mn meai‡Yi mvBevi Aciva wePv‡ii GLwZqvi
mywbw`©ófv‡e mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj Ges mvBevi Gwc‡jU UªvBeyb¨v‡j Ac©Y Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
Avkvi K_v n‡”Q, 2015 mv‡j
cÖ¯ÍvweZ mvBevi wbivcËv AvB‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³ msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i GKwU mgwš^Z cÖvwZôvwbK
KvVv‡gv †`qvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b wZb ¯Íi wewkó mvBevi AvBb cÖv‡qvwMK KvVv‡gv
cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g ¯Í‡i _vK‡e cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ RvZxq mvBevi wbivcËv KvDwÝj|
G‡Z mswk¬ó gš¿bvj‡qi gš¿x I mwPe QvovI `yBRb we‡klÁ I mvBevi wmwKDwiwU
wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui gnvcwiPvjK _vK‡eb| wØZxq ¯Í‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ _vK‡eb mvBevi wbivcËv
KvDw݇ji gnvmwP‡ei †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU wefvM| GB wefvM Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM gš¿bvj‡qi Aax‡b
K‡›Uªvjvi Ad mvwU©dvwqs A_wiwU‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡e| Z…Zxq ¯Í‡i gnvcwiPvj‡Ki
g‡bvbxZ Kg©KZ©v ¯^ivóª gš¿bvj‡qi cywjk wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g †MÖdZvi, Zj¬vkx BZ¨vw`
cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| mvBevi AvB‡bi AvIZvq Awfhy³ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi wePvi Ki‡e mvBevi
µvBg UªvBeybvj|[87]
[1] Dharambir v. CBI 148 (2008) DLT 289
[2] Glossary of Terms,
Pharmaceutical Technology, June 1, 2005,
http:pharmtech.findpharma.com/pharmtech/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=166375
[3] W.
RyjwdKvi Avng`, evsjv‡`‡k mvBevi AvBb ZË¡ I we‡klY, gywnZ cvewj‡KkÝ,
XvKv, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, 2014|
[5] cÖv¸³, aviv 46(1)
[6] cÖv¸³, aviv 47(1)
[7] cÖv¸³, aviv 52(1)
[8] cÖv¸³, aviv 52(2)
[9] cÖv¸³, aviv 52(4)
[10] cÖv¸³, aviv 48
[11] cÖv¸³, aviv 49
[12] cÖv¸³, aviv 50
[13] cÖv¸³, aviv 51
[14] cÖv¸³, aviv 53(2)
[15] cÖv¸³, aviv 53(3)
[16] cÖv¸³, aviv 53(4)
[17] cÖv¸³, aviv 6
[18] cÖv¸³, aviv 7
[21] cÖv¸³, c¨viv 3
[22] cÖv¸³, c¨viv 4
[23] PLD 1977 (SC) 72 (Pakistan ), MP
Verma v. Surinder Kaur AIR 1982 SC 1043; Z.B. Bhukhari v. B.R. Mehra AIR 1975 SC 1788 (India
[24] cÖv¸³ †bvU 20,
c¨viv 9
[25] mv¶¨ AvBb 1872,
aviv 74
[26] cÖv¸³, aviv 76,
77
[28] Michael Silverleaf, Evidence, at Chris Reed (ed), Computer Law, 3rd Edition,
Universal Law Publishing Company, New Delhi
[31]
cÖv¸³ †bvU 4, aviv 54 (1)
[32]
cÖv¸³, aviv 54(2)
[33]
†mvm© †KvW n‡”Q †Kvb Kw¤cDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖvg, KgvÛ, wWRvBb, †j-AvDU ev Kw¤cDUv‡ii
†h †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg we‡k¬lY (55(2) avivq †`qv e¨vL¨v †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i)|
[34]
cÖv¸³ †bvU 4, aviv 55 (2)
[35]
cÖv¸³, aviv 56(2)
[36]
cÖv¸³, aviv 57(2)
[37]
cÖv¸³, aviv 61 (2)
[38]
cÖv¸³, aviv 63(2)
[39]
cÖv¸³, aviv 66(2)
[48] cÖ¯ÍvweZ mvBevi
wbivcËv AvBb 2015, aviv 15(1O)
[49] cÖv¸³, aviv 15(3)
[50]
bxocvZv, mvBevi wbivcËv AvBb 2015t GKwU
msw¶ß ch©v‡jvPbv, http://www.nirpata.com/post/126836552472/cybercrimelaw
(Accssed on January 30, 2017)
[51] cÖv¸³ †bvU 48,
aviv 28
[52] cÖv¸³ †bvU 4,
aviv 1(2)
[53] cÖv¸³, aviv 4(1)
[54] cÖv¸³, aviv 4(2)
[55] cÖv¸³, aviv 4(3)
[56]
cÖv¸³, aviv 76(1)
[57]
cÖv¸³, aviv 76(1a)
[58]
cÖv¸³, aviv 76(1b)
[59]
cÖv¸³, aviv 81
[61] 2012 mv‡ji c‡Y©vMÖvwd wbqš¿Y AvB‡bi 5
aviv wb¤§iƒc - "(1) GB AvB‡bi Aaxb msNwUZ †Kvb Aciva Z`‡š—i †¶‡Î cywjk
mve-B݇c±i ev Zvnvi mgc`gh©v`vi wb‡æ b‡nb Ggb †Kvb Kg©KZ©v Z`šÍKvix Kg©KZ©v
wnmv‡e †dŠR`vix Kvh©wewai weavbvejx Abyhvqx Z`šÍ Kwi‡eb| (2) GB AvB‡bi Aaxb
msNwUZ †Kvb Aciva Z`‡š—i mgqmxgv nB‡e 30 (wÎk) Kvh©w`em Ges hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y D³
mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ Z`šÍ Kvh© mgvß Kiv m¤¢e bv nB‡j, cywjk mycvi ev mgc`gh©v`vi
Kg©KZ©v ev cÖ‡hvR¨ †¶‡Î, Z`~aŸ© Kg©KZ©vi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g, AwZwi³ 15 (c‡bi) Kvh©w`em
mgq e„w× Kiv hvB‡e| (3) Dc-aviv (2) G Dwj¬wLZ mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ hyw³msMZ Kvi‡Y †Kvb
Z`šÍ Kvh© mgvß Kiv m¤¢e bv nB‡j, Av`vj‡Zi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g, AwZwi³ Av‡iv 30 (wÎk)
Kvh©w`em mgq e„w× Kiv hvB‡e|"
[62] cÖv¸³ †bvU 48,
aviv 17(5)
[63] 2012 mv‡ji c‡Y©vMÖvwd wbqš¿Y AvB‡bi 7
avivq ejv n‡q‡Q Dchy³ KZ©…c‡¶i mb`cÖvß KvwiMix we‡klÁ A_ev †h cÖwµqvq Aciva
msNwUZ n‡q‡Q †m wel‡q miKvwi, ¯^vqËkvwmZ, Avav-¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôv‡bi KvwiMix
wefv‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i A_ev miKv‡ii jvB‡mÝ ev Aby‡gv`bcÖvß †emiKvwi
†Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi KvwiMix `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³i gZvgZ we‡kl‡Ái gZvgZ e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡e Ges Zv Av`vj‡Z mv¶¨ wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
[65]
cÖv¸³ †bvU 4, aviv 68 (1,2)
[66]
cÖv¸³, aviv 68(3)
[67] mvBevi UªvBeyb¨vj XvKv-i gvbbxq
wePvi‡Ki mv‡_ †jL‡Ki e¨w³MZ mv¶vrKvi|
[68]
cÖv¸³ †bvU 4, aviv 69(1)
[69]
cÖv¸³, aviv 69(2)
[70]
cÖv¸³, aviv 69(4,5)
[71]
cÖv¸³, aviv 69(6)
[72]
cÖv¸³, aviv 71
[73]
cÖv¸³, aviv 77(4)
[74]
cÖv¸³, aviv 73
[75]
cÖv¸³, aviv 72
[76]
cÖv¸³, aviv 83(1)
[77]
cÖv¸³, aviv 82(2)
[78]
cÖv¸³, aviv 82(3)
[79]
cÖv¸³, aviv 82(4)
[80]
cÖv¸³, aviv 83(2)
[81]
cÖv¸³, aviv 83(3)
[82]
cÖv¸³, aviv 83(4)
[83]
cÖv¸³, aviv 84
[84] B‡Zvg‡a¨ 2009
mv‡j evsjv‡`k e¨vsK evwYwR¨K I iv÷ªvqZ¡ e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Pvi ai‡Yi AbjvBb †jb‡`b
Kivi Aby‡gv`b w`‡q‡Q - (1) Ab jvB‡b BDwUwjwU wej cwi‡kva, (2) GKB e¨vs‡K GK
MÖvn‡Ki wnmve †_‡K Av‡iK MÖvn‡Ki wnmv‡e A_© ¯’vbvšÍi, (3) †µZvi e¨vsK †_‡K
we‡µZvi e¨s‡K A_© ¯’vbvšÍi, (4) ¯’vbxq gy`ªvq B›Uvi‡b‡U †µwWU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g
†jb‡`b| AbjvBb gvwb UªvÝdvi myweav wb‡q we‡`k †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k A_© Avbv †M‡jI
evsj‡`k †_‡K we‡`‡k A_© cwi‡kv‡ai Ab jvBb e¨e¯’v GL‡bv Aby‡gvw`Z wbq| d‡j
†cc¨vj Gi gZ AvšÍR©vwZK A_© ¯’vbvšÍi gva¨g evsjv‡`‡k GL‡bv Pvjy nq wb|
[85] Meer Ahsan Habib, The limitations of ICT and Cyber Security Acts; http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/the-limitations-ict-and-cyber-security-acts-118033 (Accessed
on February 01, 2017)
[86] c‡Yv©MÖvwd wbqš¿Y
AvBb 2012, aviv 11
[87] cÖv¸³ †bvU 48,
aviv 5, 6, 17 I 26
.jpg)
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