Media and Broadcast Law (In Bangla)
M Jashim Ali Chowdhury
[Published in Abdullah Al Faruque and M Jashim Ali Chowdhury (ed), "New Dimensions of Law: Analysis of Selected Laws of Bangladesh," Publisher: Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project (HEQEP), Faculty of Law, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2017, pp 137-154, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336445705_Media_and_Broadcast_Law_In_Bangla]
Aa¨vq 15
MYgva¨g I m¤cÖPvi AvBb
1. evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g AvB‡bi DrcwË I weKvk
Avgv‡`i MYgva¨g AvB‡bi
DrcwË I weKvk g~jZ msev`c‡Îi DrcwË I weKv‡ki mv‡_ mswk¬ó| weªwUk kvmbvg‡j cÖ_g
Rvwi nIqv AvBb wQj 1799 mv‡j Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© I‡q‡jmwji Rvwi Kiv †i¸‡jkb| wZwb
weavb K‡ib, cÖ‡Z¨K msev`cÎ Aek¨B gy`ªYKvix, cÖKvkK I m¤cv`‡Ki bvg Qvcv‡e| g~jZ
msev` mswk¬ó `vq `vwqZ¡ wba©vi‡Y myweavi Rb¨ G †i¸‡jkb Kiv nq| c‡i 1823 mv‡j
msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK jvB‡mÝ †bqvi weavb K‡ib Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij GWvgm|
1860 mv‡j `Û wewa cÖYxZ n‡j †`Lv hvq, G‡Z gvbnvwb I Ak¬xjZv msµvšÍ †h weavb¸‡jv
Av‡Q †m¸‡jv msev`cÎ I mvsevw`‡Ki Rb¨ cÖvmw½K| µgea©gvb weªwUk we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK
ZrciZvi gy‡L `Û wewa ms‡kvab nq| G‡Z 1870 mv‡j ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Aciva Ges 1898
mv‡j †kªYx kÎæZv m„wói Aciva †hvM Kiv nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ 1867 mv‡j msev`cÎ I cÖKvwkZ
cy¯ÍK Gi Kwc wbeÜxKiY I msi¶‡Yi AvBb Kiv nq| 1878 mv‡j fvb©vKzjvi †cÖm AvB‡bi
gva¨‡g miKvi K‡Vvi n‡¯Í ivóª‡`ªvwnZv g~jK †jLv‡jwL wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvi jvf K‡i|
1898 mv‡j †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewa cÖYxZ n‡j †`Lv hvq, G AvB‡bi †ek wKQz weavb msev`cÎ
wkí‡K ¯ck© K‡i| 1908 mv‡j cvm nq wbDR †ccvi (BÝvBU†g›U †Zv A‡dÝ) AvBb| G‡Z
wnsmvZœK †jLvi wecix‡Z cwÎKv ev‡Rqvß Kivi ¶gZv jvf K‡ib g¨vwR‡÷ªU| 1910 mv‡j nq
†cÖm G¨v±| ivóª‡`ªvwnZv I nZ¨vi gZ Aciv‡a DÏxcbv m„wói †Póv n‡j QvcvLvbvi
weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v †bqvi ¶gZv miKvi‡K †`qv nq| 1908 Ges 1910 mv‡ji AvBb `ywU 1922
mv‡j evwZj K‡i †`qv nq| †m eQi 1867 mv‡ji †cÖm A¨vÛ †iwR‡÷ªkb Ae eyKm G¨v±, w`
Kv÷gm G¨v± Ges †cv÷ Awdm G¨v± ms‡kvab Kiv nq| G AvBb¸‡jv msev`cÎ Qvcv‡bv, wecYb
I weZi‡Yi mv‡_ mswk¬ó| 1923 mv‡j cvk nq w` Awdwmqvj wm‡µUm G¨v± †hwU‡Z
"†Mvcbxq" ivóªxq I miKvix Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Dci wb‡lavÁv †`qv nq| 1923
mv‡ji Awdwmqvj wm‡µUm G¨v± evwZj n‡q eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb 2009 Kvh©Ki Av‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K msev`cÎmn wcÖ›U, B‡j±ªwbK I Ab-jvBb MYgva¨g wbqš¿Y I k„•Ljv weav‡bi
j‡¶¨ cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q AmsL¨ AvBb| AvBb¸‡jv †hgb MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ ev cÖKvwkZe¨ e³e¨
ev welq m¤cwK©Z, †Zgwb MYgva¨g Aby‡gv`b, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Ges MYgva¨g Kg©x‡`i
†ckvMZ `vq`vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi m¤cwK©Z wewa-weavbI Av‡Q|
2. MYgva¨g AvB‡bi wfwË I g~jbxwZ¸‡jv
MYgva¨g AvBb ej‡Z bvMwi‡Ki
wPšÍv, we‡eK I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges miKv‡ii Revew`wnZv PvIqvi MYZvwš¿K
AwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ MYgva¨g cwiPvjbv Ges G‡`i `vq-`vwqZ¡ wbqš¿YKvix AvBb‡K †evSvq|
G A‡_© MYgva¨‡gi kw³ I wfwË n‡”Q `ywU - (1) evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 39 Aby‡”Q` †hLv‡b bvMwi‡Ki wPšÍv,
we‡eK I evK ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, Ges (2) Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb 2009 †hLv‡b
MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbM‡Yi Z_¨ Rvbvi Ges Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kivi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| gZ cÖKvk I Revew`wnZvi wfwËi Dci `vuwo‡q _vKv MYgva¨g Aek¨ AvB‡bi
hyw³m½Z wewa wb‡l‡ai evB‡i bq| m½Z Kvi‡YB MYgva¨g AvB‡bi AvIZvq MYgva¨‡gi
¯^vaxbZvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi †hŠw³K mxgve×Zv Ges `vwqZ¡kxjZvi cÖkœwUI Av‡jvwPZ nq|
gZ
cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv - gyjZ 39 Aby‡”Q‡`i †Rv‡iB evsjv‡`‡k wcÖ›U, B‡jKUªwbK I
AbjvBb wgwWqvMy‡jv Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| 39 Aby‡”Q‡`i fvl¨
wb¤œiyc:
"(1) wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZvi
wbðqZv`vb Kiv nBj|
(2) iv‡óªi wbivcËv, we‡`kx
ivóªmg~‡ni mwnZ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©, Rbk„•Ljv, kvjxbZv I ˆbwZKZvi ¯^v‡_© wKsev
Av`vjZ-Aegvbbv, gvbnvwb ev Aciva msNU‡b cÖ‡ivPbv m¤ú‡K© AvB‡bi Øviv Av‡ivwcZ
hyw³m½Z evav-wb‡la
mv‡c‡ÿ
(K) cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki evK I
fve cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKv‡ii, Ges
(L) msev` c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZvi,
wbðqZv `vb Kiv nBj|"
†`Lv hv‡”Q bvMwiK‡`i wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv
Amxg n‡jI Zvi cÖKvk (†hgb, mfv-mgv‡ek, e³„Zv/wee„wZ I MYgva¨g) evavnxb bq| 39
Aby‡”Q‡` Av‡ivwcZ hyw³msMZ evav wb‡la mv‡c‡¶ GB AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv †`qv n‡q‡Q|
myZivs Kv‡iv gZ cÖKvk I cÖPv‡ii Av‡M ivóª Zv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G A‡_©
MYgva¨‡gi Dci me ai‡bi cÖvK bRi`vwi (Pre-censorship) AmvsweavwbK e‡j
cÖZxqgvb nq Ges Sk. Fazlul Karim Selim v. Bangladesh 1981 BLD 344 gvgjvq evsjv‡`k mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefvM cÖKvk‡Ki ivR‰bwZK
cwiPq we‡ePbvq msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki AbygwZ bv †`qv‡K AmvsweavwbK e‡j ivq †`b|[1]
RbM‡bi
Rvbvi AwaKvi - miKv‡ii Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ RbM‡bi Z_¨ Rvbvi AwaKvi‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q 2009 mv‡ji
Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡b| hy³iv‡óª G ai‡bi AvBb Av‡jvwKZ AvBb bv‡g cwiwPZ| wKQz wKQz
†`‡k G AvB‡bi wk‡ivbvg n‡jv Z_¨ ¯^vaxbZv AvBb| G ai‡bi AvBb wewfbœ wk‡ivbv‡g
c„w_exi 70wU †`‡k cÖPwjZ| 1766 mv‡j cÖ_g myB‡W‡b G ai‡bi AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq hv
msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv AvBb bv‡g cwiwPZ| e¨envwiK A‡_© Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb g~jZt GKwU
AvBwb cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g miKvwi Z_¨ RbMY‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| A‡bK †`‡kB Z_¨
cvIqvi AwaKvi mvsweavwbKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi †Kv_vI †mwU mivmwi
¯^xK…Z bv n‡jI msweav‡bi †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv (Basic Structure) I RbM‡Yi gZ
cÖKvk (39 Aby‡”Q`), msMVb (37 Aby‡”Q`) I mfv-mgv‡ek Kivi AwaKvi (38 Aby‡”Q`)
msµvšÍ aviv¸‡jv †_‡K G AwaKviwU Lyu‡R †bqv hvq| mvK©fz³ †ewkifvM ivóªB Z_¨
AwaKvi AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q| 2002 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb Z_¨ ¯^vaxbZv Aa¨v‡`k ejer K‡i|
fvi‡Z A_¨ AwaKvi AvBb M„nxZ nq 2005 mv‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki gZB mivmwi †Kvb mvsweavwbK
weav‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z fviZxq AvBbwU †m †`‡ki mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wKQz ivq Øviv
AbycÖvwYZ nq| fviZxq mywcÖg †KvU© GB g‡g© AwfgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb †h, msweav‡bi
AvIZvq evK¯^vaxbZv Ges Rxe‡bi wbivcËv msµvšÍ AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ Z_¨ cvIqvi AwaKvi
wbwnZ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k 2000 mvj †_‡K Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb cÖPjb Kivi Rb¨ bvMwiK mgvR
I MYgva¨g µgvMZ `vwe DÌvcb Ki‡Z _v‡K| ZË¡veavqK miKvi 2008 mv‡ji 20 A‡±vei GKwU
Aa¨v‡`k Rvix K‡i (Aa¨v‡`k bs 50, 2008)| evK¯^vaxbZv, wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZvi
Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wnmv‡e Z_¨ cÖvwßi AwaKvi G Aa¨v‡`‡ki cÖviw¤¢K As‡k ¯^xK…wZ jvf
K‡i| RvZxq msm` wKQz ms‡kvabxmn G msµvšÍ wej 2009 mv‡ji 30 gvP© Aby‡gv`b K‡i|
MYgva¨‡gi mxgve×Zv - mvaviYfv‡e GUv mevB
gv‡bb †h bvMwi‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨K AwaKviB mxgve×Zv mv‡c¶| mvgvwRK Rxe wnmv‡e e¨w³i Kj¨vY
Zvi e¨w³MZ AwaKv‡ii I mgv‡Ri e„nËi ¯^v‡_©i my›`i mgš^‡qi g‡a¨ wbwnZ| AZGe, mevi
¯^v‡_© e¨w³ AwaKv‡ii wbqš¿b cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| msweav‡bi
39(2) Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i e³„Zv, wee„wZ I msev`c‡Îi m¡vaxbZvi Dci AvB‡bi Øviv hyw³m½Z evav-wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| G iKg evav-wb‡l‡ai KviY¸‡jv n‡”Q - "iv‡óªi wbivcËv, we‡`kx ivóªmg~‡ni mwnZ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©, Rbk„•Ljv, kvjxbZv I ˆbwZKZvi ¯^v‡_© wKsev
Av`vjZ-Aegvbbv, gvbnvwb ev Aciva
msNU‡b cÖ‡ivPbv"| gZ cÖKv‡ki Dci evav-wb‡l‡ai KviY¸‡jv Ges G msµvšÍ
cÖPwjZ Ab¨vb¨ AvBb¸‡jvi K‡qKwU D`vniY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
1. iv‡óªi wbivcËv - `Û wewa 1860, ‡cvó Awdm AvBb 1869, ‡UwjMÖvd AvBb
1885, evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb KZ©…c¶ AvBb 2001, †Kej †Uwjwfkb
†bUIqvK© cwiPvjbv AvBb 2006, evsjv‡`k †eZvi KZ©…c¶ AvBb 2001, PjwPÎ †mÝiwkc
AvBb 1963, wm‡bgv‡UvMÖvd AvBb 1918 BZ¨vw`|
2. we‡`kx ivóªmg~‡ni mv‡_ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© - ‰e‡`wkK m¤cK© AvBb 1932|
3. Rbk„•Ljv - we‡kl ¶gZv AvBb 1974, msweav‡bi Riƒix Ae¯’v
msµvšÍ weavbvejx (Aby‡”Q` 141L I 141M)|
4. kvjxbZv I ˆbwZKZv - Akvjxb
weÁvcb wbwl×Kib AvBb 1963|
5. Av`vjZ Aegvbbv - msweav‡bi 108 Aby‡”Q`, †dŠR`vix Kvh©wewa 1898 (aviv 195,
476,480-487), `Û wewa 1860 (aviv 172-190,228) Ges
†`Iqvbx Kvh©wewa (aviv 135 I 151)|
6. gvbnvwb – `Û wewa 1860 (aviv 499), ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡k gvbnvwb msµvšÍ †`Iqvwb
AvBb GLbI wewae× AvKv‡i msKwjZ nqwb| Avgv‡`i Av`vjZ¸‡jv mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b mv‡c‡¶
Bswjk UU© AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|
evav-wb‡l‡ai †hŠw³KZv (reasonableness) - AvB‡bi AvIZvq miKvi †Kvb ai‡Yi evav-wb‡la Av‡ivc Ki‡Z
PvB‡j †mwUi †hŠw³KZv wePv‡ii fvi Av`vj‡Zi| †hŠw³KZv hvPvB Gi Rb¨ me‡¶‡Î mgfv‡e
cÖ‡hvR¨ †Kvb mywbw`©ó gvb`Û †bB| Z‡e 39 Aby‡”Q` we‡k¬lY Ki‡j †hŠw³KZv wba©vi‡bi
KZ¸‡jv mvaviY gvb`Û Ly‡R cvIqv hvq| †hgb -
Kvh©KviY m¤cK© - 39 Aby‡”Q‡`i ‘in the
interests of’
k㸇jvi †cÖw¶‡Z †Kvb ai‡Yi wbqš¿Y ˆea n‡Z n‡j †mwU‡K Aek¨B AvBb cÖ‡YZviv †h
D‡Ï‡k¨ wbqš¿YwU Av‡ivc Ki‡Z Pvb Zvi mv‡_ Kvh©KviY my‡Î mswk¬ó
n‡Z n‡e (proximately related to the object which the
legislature seeks to achieve)| †hgb, Rbk„•Ljvi ¯^v‡_©
†Kvb wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv n‡j H wbqš¿YwU †hŠw³Kfv‡eB Rbk„•Ljv m¤cwK©Z Ges Rbk„•Ljv
i¶vi cÖK…Z cÖ‡qvR‡bB Av‡ivwcZ n‡e| †Kvb KvíwbK m¤cK© †`wL‡q miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK
¯^v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ bq|
mxgve×Zvi gvÎv - †hŠw³K n‡Z n‡j †h
Ab¨vqwU cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwUi Rb¨ hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb Zvi
†P‡q †ewk gvÎvi mxgve×Zv n‡Z cvi‡e bv| †h AvBb ev Av‡`k †¯^”QvPvix I gvÎvwZwi³fv‡e
bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi ¶zYè K‡i, Zv‡K mvsweavwbK `„wó‡Z †hŠw³K ejv hvq bv|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g AvB‡bi iƒc‡iLv
Jcwb‡ewkK weªwUk fviZxq
MYgva¨g AvB‡bi mv‡_ MYZvwš¿K evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g AvB‡bi PwiÎ cv_©‡K¨i cvkvcvwk
KvVv‡gvMZ cv_©K¨I cwijw¶Z nq| cvwK¯Ívb Avgj †_‡K MYgva¨‡gi ZvwjKvq msev`c‡Îi
cvkvcvwk †iwWI-†UwjwfkbI †hvM nq| d‡j †iwWI-†Uwjwfk‡bi Rb¨ wKQzUv wfbœag©x
AvB‡bi `iKvi c‡o| ZvQvov AvaywbK evsjv‡`‡k KwgDwbwU †iwWI, Gd Gg †iwWI, †Kej
†bUIqvK©, B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK mvgvwRK MYgva¨g, I‡qemvBU I e¬M msµvšÍ AvBbI Riæix n‡q
c‡o| G †cÖ¶vc‡U eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡qi cieZ©x Av‡jvPbv‡K Avgiv `ywU Avjv`v fv‡M fvM Kie
- cÖ_gZ, MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ ev cÖKvwkZe¨ e³e¨ ev welqe¯‘ msµvšÍ AvBb (Laws relating
to content regulation of the mass-media) Ges wØZxqZ, MYgva¨‡gi
gvwjKvbv, cwiPvjbv I Z`viwK msµvšÍ AvBb (Laws relating to the ownership,
administration and supervision of mass-media)| cÖwZwU fv‡M me iK‡gi
MYgva¨g (wcÖ›U, B‡j±ªwbK I AbjvBb) Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ AvBb¸‡jvi (†hgb - Akvjxb
weÁvcb wb‡iva AvBb) cvkvcvwk wZbwU Avjv`v ai‡Yi MYgva¨‡gi †KvbwUi Rb¨ we‡kl
†Kvb AvBb _vK‡j (†hgb - wm‡bgv‡UvMÖvd I PjwPÎ †mÝiwkc AvBb) †mwU Avjv`v K‡i
Zz‡j aiv n‡e| †k‡l meai‡Yi MYgva¨‡gi Rb¨ GKwU Awfbœ AvBwb KvVv‡gv ˆZwii c‡¶
hyw³ w`‡q Av‡jvPbvi mgvwß Uvbv n‡e|
4. MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ ev cÖKvwkZe¨ e³e¨ ev welqe¯‘ msµvšÍ
AvBb
MYgva¨‡g cÖKvk¨ ev
cÖKvwkZe¨ e³e¨ ev wel‡qi Dci wbqš¿Y memgqB ¯ck©KvZi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv MYZ‡š¿i †Rviv‡jv i¶vKeP nIqvq MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ ev cÖKvwkZe¨
wel‡qi Dci wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Ki‡Z PvB‡j †mwU †Kej mgvR, ivóª I bvMwiK mgv‡Ri e„nËi
¯^v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK weªwUk I
cvwK¯Ívbx AvBb ejer _v‡K| we‡klZ 1923
mv‡ji w` Awdwmqvj wm‡µUm G¨v± I 1926 mv‡ji Kb‡U¤cU Ae †KvU© G¨v± A‡bKw`b a‡iB
msev`c‡Îi Dci wbqš¿Y a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqK nq| eZ©gv‡b Awdwmqvj wm‡µUm G¨v± evwZj n‡q
2009 mv‡ji Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb Kvh©Ki Av‡Q| Aek¨ G Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBbwUI miKvi I
miKvix `߇ii Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î A‡bKLvwb mxgve×Zv eRvq †i‡L‡Q e‡j Awf‡hvM Av‡Q|
1926 mv‡ji Av`vjZ Aegvbbv AvBb evwZj n‡jI bZzb Av`vjZ Avegvbbv AvBb wb‡q Uvbv‡cvob
Pj‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ D”P Av`vj‡Zi wewfbœ bRxi m„wóKvix iv‡qi gva¨‡g msev`cÎ I
MYgva¨g¸‡jvi Rb¨ Av`vjZ Aegvbbv m¤cwK©Z wb‡`©kbv envj Av‡Q| GQvovI †¯ckvj
cvIqvi A¨v± 1974, KwcivBU A¨v± 2000, wPj‡Wªb A¨v± 1974, `Û wewa 1860, †dŠR`vwi
Kvh©wewa 1898, Akvjxb weÁvcb AvBb wbwl×KiY AvBb 1963, †mÝiwkc Ae wdj¥ AvBb
1963, wm‡bgv‡UvMÖvd AvBb 1918, cÖf…wZ AvBb evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZe¨ e³‡e¨i
Dci wewa wb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i|
ˆbwZKZv, Rb-k„•Ljv, ivóªxq †MvcbxqZv BZ¨w` - Akvjxb weÁvcb wb‡iva AvBb 1963 Gi 4
avivq Akvjxb weÁvcb cÖPvi, cÖ`k©b, Drcv`b I wecYb‡K kvw¯—‡hvM¨ Aciva Kiv n‡q‡Q
hvi kvw¯— n‡e Qq gvm Kviv`Û ev A_© `Û ev Dfq `Û| cÖ_g ev‡ii ci wØZxq ev cieZ©x
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Kviv`‡Ûi †gqv` GK eQi ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i| 2 avivq "Akvjxb"
kãwUi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q hv wKQzB Aï× wPš—v I Abyf‚wZ‡K RvwM‡q Zzj‡e Ges ¯^vfvweK
gvby‡li gb gvbwmKZv‡K KjywlZ K‡i MY ˆbwZKZv‡K civf‚Z K‡i Zv-B Akvjxb|[3]
†dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewa-i 99(K)-(P) avivq msev`cÎ
wel‡q miKvi‡K wKQz ¶gZv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, miKv‡ii cÖwZ
wek¦vmNvZKZvg~jK ev we‡`ªv‡ni DmKvwbg~jK ev bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ kÎæZv I N„Yv
m„wóKvix ev ag©wek¦v‡mi cÖwZ AeÁvg~jK †Kv‡bv †jLv hw` msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ nq, Z‡e
miKvi Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kwc ev‡Rqvß Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †hLv‡b H¸wj _v‡K †mLv‡b
g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui ciIqvbvg~‡j cywjk †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ms¶zä e¨w³ G welqwU nvB‡KvU©
wefv‡Mi †MvP‡i Avb‡Z cv‡i| †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai 108 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h g¨vwR‡÷ªU
†mme e¨w³‡K gyP‡jKv †`evi Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡ib hviv ivóª‡`ªvnxZvg~jK ev †kªYxi
msNl© m„wóKviK ev wePviK‡K fxwZ cÖ`©kbg~jK ev AegvbbvKi †Kv‡bv wKQz cÖKvk Ki‡Z
D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Qb| †dŠR`vwi Kvh©wewai 144 aviv Abyhvqx g¨vwR‡÷ªU mvsevw`K‡K Zvi
wb‡`©wkZ ¯’v‡b hvIqv †_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
Awdwmqvj wm‡µUm A¨v±, 1923 evwZj n‡q 2009 mv‡ji Z_¨
AwaKvi Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q| G
AvB‡b wba©vwiZ cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i Av‡e`b Ki‡j bvMwi‡Ki Z_¨ cvIqvi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ miKv‡ii AvUwU †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v‡K Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eva¨evaKZv †_‡K
Ae¨vnwZ `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi Ae¨vnwZ g~jZ RvZxq wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_©i mv‡_ m¤c„³|
Z‡e †h 23wU wel‡q Z_¨ †`qvi `vq †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †`qv n‡q‡Q Zvi A‡bK¸‡jvB †ek
we¯Í…Z Ges Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Aek¨ AvB‡b G weavbI Av‡Q †h (K) †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó wel‡q
Ae¨vnwZi wm×všÍ hw` gwš¿cwil` MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j Z_¨ cÖKvk mvgwqKfv‡e ¯’wMZ Kivi
KviYmn †hme we‡ePbvq G wm×všÍ †bqv n‡q‡Q Zv cÖKvk Kiv n‡e|[4]
QvcvLvbv I cÖKvkbv (†NvlYv I wbeÜxKiY) AvBb, 1973-i
20(1)(O) avivq †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ, Aciva msMV‡b Drmvn
†`qv, iv‡óªi wbivcËv wewNœZ Kiv ev we‡`kx iv‡óªi mv‡_ eÜyZ¡c~Y© m¤cK© bó Kivi
j‡¶¨ A_ev Akvjxb ev Ak¬xj e³e¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j miKvi †mB msev`cÎ ev‡Rqvß Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†Kej †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK© cwiPvjbv AvBb 2006 Gi 19
avivq m¨v‡UjvBU †Uwjwfk‡bi msev` ev Abyôvb cÖPv‡ii †¶‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv welq wfwËK
wb‡lavÁv †`qv n‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi †ewki fvMB A¯có I we¯Í…Z A‡_© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡Z cv‡i|
ejv n‡q‡Q - †`‡ki ALÛZv, ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Av`©k, ivóª
cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ Ges ivóªxq bxwZ weiæ×, wnsmvZœK, mš¿vm, we‡Øl I Acivam¤^wjZ; evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I HwZn¨, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ,
mvgvwRK I ag©xq g~j¨‡eva, RvZxq msnwZ I ivóªxq fveg~wZ©i cwicš’x; RvZxq wbivcËv I Rb¯^v_© nvwbKi; †`‡ki †Kvb m¤cÖ`vq ev †Mvôxi Av‡eM Abyf‚wZ‡Z
AvNvZ nvb‡Z cv‡i Ggb wKQz; Akvjxb ev AvµgYvZœK †Kvb iwmKZv, A½f½x, b„Z¨MxZ,
weÁvcb, msjvc ev mveUvB‡Uj m¤^wjZ wKQz; bMœZv, bMœ QvqvQwe, e¯¿ D‡¤§vPb `„k¨,
†`n cÖ`k©b, A‡kvfb A½f½x, †hŠbwµqvi BswMZ m~PK ev cÖZxKx bvP A_ev A‡kvfb
`„k¨vejx m¤^wjZ †Kvb Ak¬xj Abyôvb; D”Q…sLjZv, aŸsmhÁ, wkï-wK‡kvi Aciva ev
Ac-ms¯‹…wZ‡K AvK©lYxq I DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i ev wkï‡`i eyw×gËv weKv‡k ¶wZi n‡Z
cv‡i Ggb †Kvb Abyôvb cÖPvi Kiv hv‡e bv| G ai‡Yi Aciv‡a †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj eÜ n‡Z
ïiæ K‡i mswk¬ó e¨w³i AbwaK 2 (`yB) eQi mkªg Kviv`Û ev AbwaK 1(GK) j¶ UvKv wKš‘
Ab¨yb 50 (cÂvk) nvRvi UvKv A_©`Û ev Dfq`Û Ges Aciva cybive„wËi †¶‡Î AbwaK 3
(wZb) eQi mkªg Kviv`Û ev AbwaK 2 (`yB) j¶¨ UvKv wKš‘ Ab¨yb 1(GK) j¶ UvKv A_©`Û
ev Dfq`‡Û `Ûbxq nIqvi my‡hvM Av‡Q|[5]
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb 2006 Gi 57 avivq B›Uvi‡b‡U gvbnvwbKi, wg_¨v, Ak¬xj, bxwZ åó, AvBb k„•Ljvi Rb¨ ûgwK ¯^iƒc ev ag©xq Abyf‚wZ‡Z AvNvZ
`vbKvix ev DmKvwbg~jK e³e¨ I Z_¨ cÖPv‡ii kvw¯Í wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q m‡e©v”P 14 eQi
Ges me©wbæ 7 eQi Kviv`Û, AbwaK 1 †KvwU UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq `Û|[6] 2013 mv‡ji ms‡kva‡bi
gva¨‡g kvw¯Íi gvÎv evov‡bv n‡j welqwU wb‡q weZK© D‡V Ges A‡b‡KB ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨
avivwUi Ace¨env‡ii k¼v cÖKvk K‡ib| 57 avivi Aciva Avgj‡hvM¨ (Cognizable) I A-Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Non-bailable)|
ZvQvov 61 avivq e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZvi myi¶v †`qv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb e¨w³i Aby‡gv`b Qvov
Zvui B‡j±ªwbK †iKW©, eB, †iwR÷ªvi, cÎ †hvMv‡hvM, Z_¨, `wjj ev Ab¨ †Kvb welqe¯‘
Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³i Kv‡Q cÖKv‡ki Aciv‡a Acivaxi m‡e©v”P `yB eQi Kviv`Û, AbwaK 2 j¶
UvKv A_© `Û ev Dfq `Û wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|[7] G Aciva A-Avgj‡hvM¨ (Non-cognizable) I Rvwgb‡hvM¨ (Bailable)|
c‡Y©vMÖvwd wbqš¿Y AvBb 2012 Gi 2(M) avivq "c‡b©vMÖvwd"i GKwU we¯Í…Z A_© †`qv n‡q‡Q|
ejv n‡”Q - (1) †hŠb D‡ËRbv m„wóKvix †Kvb Ak¬xj msjvc, Awfbq, A½fw½, bMœ ev
Aa©bMœ b„Z¨ hvnv Pjw”PÎ, wfwWI wPÎ, AwWI wfR¨yqvj wPÎ, w¯’i wPÎ, MÖvwdKm ev Ab¨
†Kvb Dcv‡q aviYK…Z I cÖ`k©b‡hvM¨ Ges hvi †Kvb ˆkwíK ev wk¶vMZ g~j¨ †bB; Ges (2)
†hŠb D‡ËRbv m„wóKvix Ak¬xj eB, mvgwqKx, fv¯‹h©, Kíg~wZ©, g~wZ©, KvUzb© ev
wjd‡jU" BZ¨vw` c‡Y©vMÖvwdi AšÍf©z³ n‡e| msÁvwU AvcvZ`„wó‡Z cwic~Y©
cÖZxqgvb n‡jI "ˆkwíK I wk¶vMZ g~j¨" wba©viY GKwU RwUj mgm¨v| Ab¨w`‡K
c‡b©vMÖvwd Drcv`b, msi¶Y, aviY ev cÖ`k©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ K¨v‡giv, Kw¤cDUvi ev
Kw¤cDUvi hš¿vsk, wmwW, wfwmwW, wWwfwW, AcwUK¨vj wWfvBm, g¨vM‡bwUK wWfvBm,
†gvevBj †dvb ev Dnvi hš¿vsk Ges †h †Kv‡bv B‡j±ªwbK, wWwRUvj ev Ab¨ †Kvb
cÖhyw³wfwËK wWfvBm 2012 mv‡ji AvB‡b c‡b©vMÖvwd miÄvg e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|[8]
GKB ai‡Yi weavb †`Lv hvq,
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb KZ©…c¶ AvBb 2001, evsjv‡`k †eZvi KZ©…c¶ AvBb 2001, PjwPÎ
†mÝiwkc AvBb 1963 Ges wm‡bgv‡UvMÖvd AvBb 1918 (1982 mv‡ji ms‡kvabx mn) Gi
wewfbœ weav‡b| G me weav‡bi A‡bK¸‡jvB (†hgb- Akx¬jZv, c‡Y©vMÖvwd) evsjv‡`‡ki
gvby‡li mvgvwRK I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai mv‡_ †hŠw³Kfv‡e m¤cwK©Z n‡jI G¸‡jvi AMÖnY‡hvM¨
e¨vL¨v I †¶Îg‡Z Amr cÖ‡qv‡Mi k¼v Av‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªxq wbivcËv f½, miKvi we‡ivax
ZrciZv, Rb k„•Ljv f‡½i gZ weavb¸‡jv Avgv‡`i †`‡k HwZnvwmKfv‡eB Ace¨eüZ n‡q‡Q
Ges MY gva¨‡gi Dci AwjwLZ †mÝiwkc Av‡iv‡ci nvwZqv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
Av`vjZ
Aegvbbv - Av`vjZ Aegvbbv AvBb, 1926 Abyhvqx wePvivaxb gvgjvi
wbi‡c¶ wePvi‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi j‡¶¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKvkbv cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zv Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi
`v‡q †`vlx mve¨¯Í n‡e| GQvovI mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePvi msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i m¤cv`Kxq
gšÍe¨ ev wi‡cvU© hw` `vwqZ¡nxbfv‡e wbi‡c¶ mgv‡jvPbvi mxgv AwZµg K‡i Ges
wb‡`©wkZ I cwiKwíZ cš’vq wePviKv‡R cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g wePvi e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ
Av¯’v webó K‡i Ges wePvi wefvMxq Kvh©µ‡g wePviK‡`i evavMÖ¯Í K‡i Ges †gŠwjK
AwaKvi ejer Kivi c‡_ evav `vb K‡i ev msweavb cwicš’x K‡g©i gva¨‡g ˆelg¨ m„wó
K‡i, Z‡e Zv Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi ch©v‡q c‡o| hw` †Kv‡bv e¨w³ mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb
wePvicwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZ‡K AvµgY K‡i A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e †Kv‡bv cÖeÜ †j‡L I cÖKvk
K‡i Zvn‡j †m Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi `v‡q †`vlx n‡e| hw` †`Lv hvq †h cÖeÜwU Av`vj‡Zi
gh©v`v ¶wZMÖ¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j Zv Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi ch©v‡q c‡o| Z‡e, Rb¯^v‡_©
wePvi Kv‡h©i wbi‡c¶ I hyw³m½Z mgv‡jvPbv Av`vjZ Aegvbbv bq| Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi
kvw¯Í Kviv`Û, hvi †gqv` Qq gvm ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev Rwigvbv, hvi cwigvY `yB
nvRvi UvKv n‡Z cv‡i A_ev DfqB| ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki‡j Aegvbbvi Avmvgx‡K gyw³ †`Iqv
hvq|
1926 mv‡ji
Av`vjZ Aegvbbv AvB‡b "Av`vjZ Aegvbbv"i †Kvb msÁv †bB Z‡e kvw¯— Av‡Q| 1926 mv‡ji AvBb evwZj K‡i
2008 mv‡j GKwU bZzb Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi n‡jI D”P Av`vjZ †mwU evwZj K‡i †`b| cieZ©x‡Z
bZzb Av`vjZ Aegvbbv AvBb wb‡q wbe©vnx wefvM I wePvi wefv‡Mi gZ cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y
bZzb Av`vjZ Aegvbbv AvBb cÖYq‡bi D‡`¨vM †_‡g †M‡jI, Kgb j e¨e¯’vi cÖPwjZ I
mvaviY bxwZgvjv, wePvi wefvMxq bwRi BZ¨vw` w`‡q eZ©gv‡b Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi Awf‡hvM
wb¯cwË n‡”Q|[9]
mvaviY bxwZ n‡”Q †Kvb bvMwiK hw` msweav‡bi 39(2)(K) I (L) Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i gZ
cÖKv‡ki bv‡g Av`vjZ‡K †nq cÖwZcbœ K‡ib A_ev Av`vj‡Zi m¤§vb ev gh©v`vnvwb K‡ib
A_ev AhvwPZ e³e¨ †`b, Zvn‡j Av`vjZ msweav‡bi 108 Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i Zvui GLwZqvi
cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| 39 Aby‡”Q‡`i wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZvi PP©vq AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi bv‡g †KD AvB‡bi weavb ev
Av`vj‡Zi KZ©…Z¡ jsNb Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb bv|[10] msev`c‡Îi m¡vaxbZv †hme ‡¶‡Î KovKwofv‡e
wbqš¿b Kiv nq GKwU n‡”Q Av`vjZ Aegvbbv| wePvwiK wm×v‡š—i µgavivq †h me e¯‘
Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q MÖnYxq ‡h me ‡¶‡Î Av`vjZ Aegvbbv n‡Z cvi Zvi wKQz D`vnib wb‡P
‡`qv nj:
1. Av`vjZ‡K KjswKZ Kiv
2. †Kvb
gvgjvi c¶‡`i abuse Kiv
6. Ggb ‡Kvb AvPib ‡hUv
Av`vjZ‡K cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e ‡nq cÖwZcšœ K‡i A_ev b¨vqwePv‡ii m¡vfvweK MwZc_‡K iƒ×
K‡i (D`vnib - Av`vj‡Zi Av‡`k bv gvbv)|
Saleem Ullah v. The State 44 DLR (AD) 309 gvgjvq †`Lv hvq evsjv‡`k
AeRvifvi cwÎKvwU
wb‡R RwoZ Ggb `ywU gvgjv wb®cwˇZ †`wii mgv‡jvPbv K‡i H
cwÎKvq cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Kiv nq| whwb G cÖwZ‡ebwU K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb wb‡R‡K AeRvifvi
cwÎKvi Av`vjZ cÖwZ‡e`K wnmv‡e cwiPq ‡`b| cÖK„Zc‡¶ wZwb wQ‡jb H `ywU gvgjvq
AeRvifvi MÖ“‡ci AvBbRxex| cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv nq †h gvgjvi wePviK A‡bK
†`wi‡Z I AcÖ‡qvRbxqfv‡e GKwU bZyb AvB‡bi cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb †hwU gvgjv wb®cwˇK
Av‡iv †`wi Kwi‡q †`‡e| wb¤œ Av`vj‡Zi wePviK whwb G gvgjvi Øvwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb wZwb
nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M cÖwZ‡e`bwU m¤c‡K© wi‡cvU© K‡ib| †h‡nZy cÖwZ‡e`bwU
gvgjv wb®cwˇZ †`wii Rb¨ c‡iv¶fv‡e Av`vjZ‡K †`vlv‡ivc
K‡i †m‡nZy nvB‡KvU© wefvM H AvBbRxex‡K Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi Rb¨
‡`vlx mve¨¯— K‡i| Avcxj wefv‡Mi Kv‡Q Avwcj Kiv n‡j Av`vjZ e‡jb GKRb
AvBbRxex g‡°‡ji m¡v_© i¶vq Av`vj‡Zi †h †Kvb wm×v‡šÍi
weiæ‡× h_vh_ D”P Av`vj‡Z Avcxj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKšÍy
†Kvb cwÎKvi Av`vjZ cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki †e‡k Av`vj‡Zi iv‡q hv †bB
Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i Av`vjZ‡K †`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| wePviK
†evaMg¨ Kvi‡bB wee«Z‡eva K‡i‡Qb|[14] AZGe Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi
Awf‡hvM cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
State v. Chief Editor Manabjamin 57 DLR (2005)
359 gvgjvq mv‡eK ivóªcwZ GBP Gg
Gikv` GKwU †dŠR`vwi Avcx‡ji djvdj wb‡q nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi †h †e‡Â gvgjvwU wb®cwË
n‡qwQj †m †e‡Âi GKRb wePvicwZi mv‡_ †Uwj‡dvb Avjvc K‡iwQ‡jb| Avjv‡c cÖZxqgvb nq
H wePvicwZ ivq cwieZ©‡bi †Póv K‡i mdj nb wb| Gikv‡`i GKRb Nwbô mnPi K‡_vcK_bwU
‡iKW© K‡ib Ges †kl ch©šÍ Zv mvsevw`K‡`i nv‡Z c‡o| ‰`wbK
B‡ËdvK, RbKÚ I msev` welqwUi Dci cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i| gvbe Rwgb GKwU iƒcK Mí
cÖKvk K‡i †hLv‡b wePviK‡`i Nyl †bqv Avevi miKv‡ii Pv‡c Ny‡li wKQzUv AsK †diZ
†`qvi K_v Bw½Z Kiv nq| cwÎKv¸‡jvi weiæ‡× Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi
Awf‡hvM Avbv nq| GBP Gg Gikv‡`i weiæ‡×I wePviK‡`i cÖfvweZ
K‡i b¨vq wePv‡ii c_ iæ× Kiv I Zvi gva¨‡g Av`vjZ
Aegvbbvi Awf‡hvM Avbv nq| G gvgjvwU wQj evsjv‡`‡k GKmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv cwÎKvi weiæ‡×
Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi Awf‡hvM Avbv cÖ_g gvgjv|
Awfhy³ cwÎKv¸‡jvi c¶ ‡_‡K ejv nq evsjv‡`k mycÖxg ‡KvU© ev Ab¨
‡Kvb Av`vjZ‡K †nq cÖwZcšœ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb wKQz Qvcv nqwb| GwU Qvcv‡bvi gva¨‡g cwÎKv¸‡jv †h mgvR Avgv‡`i
Av‡Q Ges †h iKg mgvR Avgv‡`i cwinvi Kiv DwPZ ‡m m¤c‡K© RbgZ m„wó Ki‡Z ‡P‡q‡Q|[15] GKwU cwÎKvi c‡¶ e¨vwióvi
Avwgiæj Bmjvg hyw³ †`Lvb, wePviK Ges Av`vjZI mgv‡jvPbvi D‡aŸ©
bb| hw` AvBb I Rbm¡v‡_©i wecixZ nIqvq †Kvb wePvi wefvMxq Kv‡Ri †hŠw³K mgv‡jvPbv
Kiv nq Zvn‡j ‡Kvb Av`vjZB G‡K Av`vjZ Aegvbbv e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i bv Ges Ki‡Z cv‡iI
bv|[16]
wKš‘ G wbw`©ó †¶‡Î
Av`vjZ‡K KjswKZ Kivi gva¨‡g Av`vjZ Aegvbbv wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q Zv Av`vjZ e¨vL¨v K‡ib: "gvbeRwg‡b cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b GB
evZ©v enb K‡i †h wePviK Avmvgxi cQ›` mB ivq ‡`qvi Rb¨ Nyl wbqwQ‡jb wKšÍy
AvBbgš¿xi n¯Í‡¶‡ci Rb¨ wZwb †m iKg ivq w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| G‡Z `ywU e¨vcvi ¯có -
wePviKiv Nyl ‡bb Ges wbe©vnx wefvM b¨vqwePvi cÖkvm‡b n¯Í‡¶c K‡i| cÖwZ‡e`bwU c‡o
GKRb ¯^vfvweK †evaeyw× m¤cbœ cvVK wePviK‡`i e¨vcv‡i AcQ‡›`i g‡bvfve Ges mycÖxg
‡Kv‡U©i wePviK‡`i wbi‡c¶Zv I mZZv m¤c‡K© m‡›`n †cvlb Ki‡eb| GwU b¨vqwePvi
cÖkvm‡bi Dci mvavib gvby‡li Av¯’v I wek¦v‡m am bvgv‡e| b¨vq wePvi cÖkvm‡bi Rb¨
Gi ‡P‡q eo evav I ¶wZ Avi n‡Z cv‡i bv|"[17]
Md. Faiz v. Ekramul Haque Bulbul and others 57 DLR
670 gvgjvq "wePvicwZi mb`
Rvj" wk‡ivbv‡g ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv I "Gj Gj we cvm bv K‡iB
wePvicwZ" wk‡ivbv‡g ˆ`wbK †fv‡ii KvMR `ywU Avjv`v Avjv`v wi‡cvU© cÖKvk
K‡i| wi‡cvU© `ywUi g~j e³e¨ wQj, ZrKvjxb nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M wbhy³ AwZwi³ wePviK
Rbve dqmvj gvngy` d‡qwR KL‡bv GjGj we cvm K‡ibwb KviY Zvui mb` Rvj wQj|
wePvicwZ dqmvj gvngy` d‡qwRi wcZv GW‡fv‡KU †gvt d‡qR G Av‡e`bwUi gva¨‡g cwÎKv
`ywUi weiæ‡× Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi Awf‡hvM Av‡bb| wZwb `vex K‡ib G
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv m‡Z¨i †Ljv‡ci gva¨‡g bvqwePvi cÖkvm‡bi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µ‡g n¯Í‡¶c
K‡i‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g D”P Av`vj‡Zi Dci gvby‡li Av¯’v I wek¦vm gvivÍKfv‡e AvµvšÍ
n‡q‡Q| myZivs GwU GKwU eo gvÎvi Av`vjZ Aegvbbv|[18]
weev`xiv `vex K‡ib †h
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv mZ¨ NUbvi Dci cÖwZwôZ e‡j Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi `vq m„wó nq wb|[19] ZvQvov wi‡cvU©¸‡jv Kiv n‡q‡Q D”P Av`vj‡Z wePviK wb‡qvM cÖwµqvi ÎæwU Zz‡j aivi gnr D‡Ï‡k¨ (bona fide)| weev`x‡`i c‡¶ nvwRi n‡q e¨vwi÷vi †ivKb EwÏb gvngy` Av`vj‡Zi mvg‡b
cÖkœ iv‡Lb †Kb wePviK wb‡qvM cÖwµqvi ÎæwU¸‡jv D‡c¶v K‡i hvIqv n‡e Ges hviv G¸‡jv Zz‡j ai‡Z
PvB‡eb Zv‡`i‡K kvw¯Í †`qv n‡e|[20] Av`vjZ e‡jb †h wi‡cvU©wU Av`vj‡Zi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µ‡g gvivZœK weNœ m„wó
K‡i‡Q|[21]
mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgv‡Ri Dci Gi †bwZevPK cÖfve GZ gvivZœK wQj †h Wt Rvdi BKev‡ji g‡Zv
¯^bvgab¨ †jLK ch©šÍ wj‡L e‡mb, "B`vwbs wePvicwZ kãUv wec`MÖ¯Í| kzb‡jB Rvj gvK©kx‡Ui K_v g‡b
Av‡m|"[22] Av`vjZ wm×všÍ †`b †h, GKRb wePvi‡Ki Aegvbbv cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e Av`vjZ‡K Aegvbbvi kvwgj|[23]
eyw×wfwËK m¤c` AvBb- G AvBb A‡b¨i †gav ¯^Z¡
ev AwaKv‡ii myi¶v msµvšÍ| whwb kªg I KzkjZvi gva¨‡g bZzb wKQz iPbv K‡ib, wZwb
Zvi Kv‡Ri Dci KwcivBU cvb| Z‡e †h KvR msev`cÎ, cÎ-cwÎKv, mvgwqKx cÖf…wZ‡Z
Pzw³g~‡j¨ ev wk¶vbwewmKv‡j †Kv‡bv iPwqZv IB KvM‡R cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ iPbv ev m¤cv`bv
K‡ib, †m Kv‡Ri KwcivBU ïay IB KvM‡R cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wb‡qvMKZ©vi _v‡K| Ab¨ e¨vcv‡i
KwcivB‡Ui gvwjK ¯^qs iPwqZv| m½Z Kvi‡YB MYgva¨g¸‡jv‡K KwcivBU AvBb, †UªW gvK©
AvBb mn Ab¨vb¨ eyw×wfwËK m¤c` AvB‡bi wewa-weavb †g‡b Pj‡Z nq Ges MYgva¨g KZ©…K
G AvB‡bi j•N‡bi cÖwZKvi †c‡Z ¶wZMÖ¯Í e¨w³ ev ms¯’v AvBb wba©vwiZ Av`vj‡Z †h‡Z
cv‡ib| †Kvb MYgva¨‡gi weiæ‡× G ai‡Yi Awf‡hvM Avbv n‡j †mwU‡K msev` c‡Îi
¯^vaxbZvi Dci n¯Í‡¶c wn‡m‡e †`Lvi my‡hvM Kg|
5. MYgva¨g Aby‡gv`b, gvwjKvbv, e¨e¯’vcbv I Z`viwK msµvšÍ
AvBb
wcÖ›U I B‡j±ªwbK MYgva¨g
cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ AvB‡bi A‡bK¸‡jvB weªwUk Ges cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j
iwPZ n‡jI ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡b G¸‡jvi †ek wKQz KvVv‡gvMZ I bxwZMZ
cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K AbjvBb MYgva¨g msµvšÍ AvBb¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e bZzb|
ZvQvov †ek wKQz AvBb I ms¯’v i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wcÖ›U, B‡j±ªwbK I AbjvBb MYgva¨‡gi
mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
5.1. wcÖ›U wgwWqv Aby‡gv`b I cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ AvBb
¯^vaxbZvi ci QvcvLvbv I
cÖKvkbv (†NvlYv I wbeÜxKiY) AvBb, 1973 cvm nq| Gi gva¨‡g wWmwUª± g¨wR‡÷ªU (†Rjv
cÖkvmK) msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki AbygwZ †`b| msev`cÎ I eB cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ †h QvcvLvbv
e¨envi Kiv n‡e †mwU‡KI G AvB‡bi wbqš¿‡Y Avbv n‡q‡Q| 1974 mv‡j cÖYxZ nq wbDR
†ccvi Ggc¬wqR (KwÛkb Ae mvwf©m) G¨v±| mvsevw`K I msev`Kg©x‡`i PvKzix msµvšÍ
kZ©vejx G AvB‡b wbqwš¿Z nq| eZ©gv‡b kªg AvBb 2006 Gi 140-142 avivi weavb¸‡jv
mv‡c‡¶ mvsevw`K‡`i PvKzwii kZ©, †eZbvw` BZ¨vw` wbqwš¿Z nq| 1993 mv‡j cÖYxZ nq
msev`cÎ, msev` G‡R›U I mvsevw`K‡`i AvPiY wewa 1993 †hwU 2002 mv‡j ms‡kvwaZ nq|
ZvQvov 2003 mv‡j cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q †cÖm G‡µwW‡Ukb wb‡`©kbv|
QvcvLvbv I cÖKvkbv (†NvlYv I wbeÜxKiY) AvBb, 1973 - G AvBbwU
msev`cÎ I eB cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î mswk¬÷‡`i wKQz `vq-`vwqZ¡ wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q| G
AvB‡bi 3 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, mKj gyw`ªZ msev`c‡Îi Ici cÖKvkK I gy`ªYKvixi bvg Ges
gy`ªY I cÖKv‡ki ¯’vb ¯cófv‡e gyw`ªZ Ki‡Z n‡e| 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, QvcvLvbv
cÖwZôvi Rb¨ (mvaviYfv‡e †Rjv cÖkvmK bv‡g cwiwPZ) mgx‡c †NvlYv w`‡Z n‡e| 6 avivq
ejv n‡q‡Q, msev`c‡Îi cÖwZ Kwc‡Z m¤cv`‡Ki bvg _vK‡Z n‡e| 7 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q,
msev`c‡Îi gy`ªYKvix Ges cÖKvkK‡K †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki Kv‡Q GKwU †NvlYv w`‡Z n‡e| 9
aviv Abymv‡i IB †NvlYvi wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ msev`cÎ cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ
hw` wZb gv‡mi Rb¨ Ges Ab¨ msev`cÎ hw` Qq gv‡mi Rb¨ eÜ _v‡K, Z‡e Avevi bZzb
†NvlYvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| 10 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, wWK¬v‡ik‡b ewY©Z cÖKv‡ki ¯’vb,
†gqv`Kvj I fvlv e¨wZ‡i‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlvq wfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K wfbœ †gqv`Kv‡j msev`cÎ
cÖKvwkZ n‡j wWK¬v‡ikb evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e; Z‡e GB cwieZ©b A¯’vqx wfwˇZ AbwaK wÎk
w`‡bi Rb¨ †h‡Kvb GKevi NU‡j Ges Ggb cwieZ©‡bi 72 NÈvi g‡a¨ †Rjv cÖkvmK‡K wewa
†gvZv‡eK AewnZ Ki‡j, GB avivi weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| 11 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, gy`ªvKi
ev cÖKvkK Qq gv‡mi AwaKKvj evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡j, evsjv‡`k Z¨v‡Mi c~‡e©B
Zvi Abycw¯’ZKvjxb `vwqZ¡ cvjbKvix e¨w³i bvg Ges IB e¨w³i m¤§wZm~PK weeiYx
wjwLZfv‡e †Rjv cÖkvmK eive‡i `vwLj Ki‡Z n‡e; Ab¨_vq msev`c‡Îi wWK¬v‡ikb evwZj
e‡j MY¨ n‡e| 12 aviv Abymv‡i †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU Zvi mvg‡b DÌvwcZ †NvlYvwU ¯^v¶i I
Awdwmqvj wmj w`‡q cÖgvYxK…Z (authentication) Ki‡eb| cÖgvYxKi‡bi Av‡M
†Rjv cÖkvmK QvcvLvbv, cÖKvkK I m¤cv`‡Ki AvBb wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv c~iY n‡q‡Q
wKbv Zv †`L‡eb|[24]
†Rjv cÖkvmK †NvlYv cÖgvYxKi‡Y A¯^xKvi Ki‡j †NvlYv cÖ`vbKvix †cÖm Avcxj †ev‡W©i
Kv‡Q Avcxj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|[25] †cÖm
Avcxj †evW© nj †cÖm KvDwÝj AvBb 1974 Abyhvqx MwVZ †cÖm KvDw݇ji †Pqvig¨vb,
KvDw݇ji GKRb m`m¨ I miKvi g‡bvbxZ GKRb b‚b¨Zg hyM¥ mwPe c`gh©v`vi Kg©KZ©v wb‡q
MwVZ GKwU †evW©|[26]
20(1)(K)-(N) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kvb cÖKvkK evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ nviv‡j, ˆbwZK
¯’jb RwbZ Aciv‡a `wÛZ n‡j, `vjvj AvB‡b `wÛZ n‡j, cvMj ev weK…Z gw¯Í®‹ †NvwlZ
n‡j ev cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© ms¯’vb nviv‡j, msev`cÎwUi wWK¬v‡ikb
evwZj n‡e| 26 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, mKj msev`c‡Îi Pvi Kwc webvg~‡j¨ miKv‡ii wbKU †ck
Ki‡Z n‡e|
msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix (PvKzwii kZ©) AvBb, 1974 Ges
kªg AvBb 2006 Gi 141-143 aviv - msev`c·K wkí AvL¨v w`‡q G wk‡í Kg©iZ‡`i kªg
AvB‡bi myi¶v †`qvi j‡¶¨ 1974 mv‡ji msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix
(PvKzwii kZ©) AvBbwU cvk nq| GwUi gva¨‡g 1960 mv‡j Rvwi nIqv GKwU Aa¨v‡`k‡K
iwnZ K‡i G msµvšÍ bZzb weavb †`qv nq| G AvB‡b msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix
ej‡Z Kg©iZ mvsevw`K, cÖkvmwbK Kg©Pvix Ges msev`c‡Îi gy`ªY Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i
eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 3 avivq weavb †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †h, 1969 mv‡ji wkí-m¤cK© Aa¨v‡`k
(eZ©gv‡b kªg AvBb 2006 Gi AvIZvfz³)-i Kg©Pvix msµvšÍ weavbvewj msev`c‡Îi Kg©Pvix‡`i
Ici cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| 4 avivq mKj Kg©Pvix‡K, wb‡qv‡Mi mgq PvKzwii cÖK…wZ, wb‡qv‡Mi
ZvwiL I kZ©vewj D‡j¬Lmn wb‡qvMcÎ `v‡bi eva¨evaKZv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| 5
avivq "‡evW© Ad Uªvw÷"i
cwiPvjbvaxb cÖwf‡W›U dvÛ MV‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| 6 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, mvßvwnK 48 NÈvi
†ewk †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix‡K msev`cÎ ev msev` ms¯’vq KvR Ki‡Z ejv hv‡e bv| 7 avivq
Kg©iZ mvsevw`‡Ki QzwUi weavb †`qv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †gvU Kg©w`e‡mi b~b¨c‡¶ GMv‡iv
fv‡Mi GK fvM m‡eZb AwR©Z QzwU, Ab~b¨ AvVv‡iv fv‡Mi GK fvM Aa©‡eZ‡b Amy¯’ZvRwbZ
QzwU Ges eQ‡i `k w`b c~Y© †eZ‡b ˆbwgwËK QzwU cÖvwßi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| 8 avivq
msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix‡`i wPwKrmv myweavi weavb †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| iæ‡j wba©vwiZfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K
msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix Ges Zvi Ici wbf©ikxj e¨w³eM© wPwKrmv myweav cv‡eb| 9 aviv
†gvZv‡eK msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb-nvi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ miKvi Awdwmqvj †M‡RU-weÁwßi
gva¨‡g †eZb †evW© MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb (eZ©gv‡b kªg AvBb 2006 Gi 143 aviv w`‡q
wbqwš¿Z)|
10 avivq msev`cÎ
Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZ‡bi nvi wba©vi‡Yi wbwiL ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| RxebhvÎvi e¨q, miKvi ev
K‡c©v‡ikb ev †emiKvix Lv‡Z mgZzj¨ PvKzwi‡Z cÖPwjZ †eZ‡bi nvi, †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j
msev`cÎ wk‡í weivwRZ Ae¯’v Ges Ab¨vb¨ cwiw¯’wZ †eZb-nvi wba©viY cÖ‡kœ we‡ePbvq
Avm‡e| 11 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, †h Zvwi‡L †eZb †ev‡W©i wm×všÍ cvIqv hv‡e †mB ZvwiL
†_‡K GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ †ev‡W©i wm×všÍ miKvwi †M‡R‡U cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| 12 avivq weavb
†`qv n‡q‡Q †h, 9 aviv Abyhvqx MwVZ †evW© kªg Av`vj‡Zi mgZzj¨ ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡e
Ges GKB Kvh©wewa AbymiY Ki‡e| 13 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, msev`cÎ ev msev` ms¯’vi m‡½
hy³ mKj wb‡qvMKZ©v †ev‡W©i wm×všÍ gvb‡Z eva¨| †evW© †h †eZb wba©viY Ki‡e,
†Kv‡bv wb‡qvMKZ©v msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix‡K Zvi Kg †eZb w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| 14 avivq †evW©‡K
AšÍeZ©xKvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ †eZ‡bi nvi wba©viY Kivi ¶gZv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| 15 avivq ejv
n‡q‡Q, †h msev`cÎ ms¯’vq wek Rb ev Z‡ZvwaK Kg©Pvix wbhy³ Av‡Qb, †mB msev`cÎ
ms¯’vi †¶‡Î Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM (¯’vqx Av‡`k) AvBb (eZ©gv‡b kªg AvBb 2006 Gi
AvIZvfz³) cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| 16 avivq ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, Ab¨ AvBb ev Pzw³ hvB _vKzK bv
†Kb GB AvB‡bi weavb Kvh©Ki n‡e| Z‡e c~‡e©i †Kv‡bv Pzw³ Abyhvqx msev`c‡Îi
Kg©Pvix hw` wKQz AwaK myweav †fvM K‡i Avm‡Z _v‡Kb, †m‡¶‡Î GB AvB‡bi Aaxb myweav
MÖnY Øviv Zvi IB AwaKvi bó Kiv hv‡e bv| 20 avivq miKvi‡K GB AvB‡bi Aax‡b wewa
cÖYq‡bi AwaKvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| kªgNÈv, QzwU, cÖwf‡W›U dvÛ MVb, †eZb nvi wba©vi‡Yi
Rb¨ †eZb †ev‡W©i Kvh©wewa cÖf…wZ wel‡q miKvi wewa cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| m¤cÖwZ kªg
AvBb 2006 Gi 143 aviv Abyhvqx MwVZ msev`cÎ gRywi †evW©
(†Pqvig¨vb - Avcxj wefv‡Mi AemicÖvß wePvicwZ KvRx Gev`yj nK) Gi mycvwi‡ki
Av‡jv‡K Aóg msev`cÎ gRywi †evW© †iv‡q`v`-2013 †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
msev`cÎ, msev` G‡R›U I mvsevw`K‡`i AvPiY wewa 1993 (2002
mv‡j ms‡kvwaZ) - 1974 mv‡ji †cÖm KvDwÝj AvB‡bi 11(L) avivq †cÖm
KvDwÝj‡K msev`cÎ, msev` ms¯’v Ges mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨ AvPiYwewa ˆZwi Kivi `vwqZ¡
†`qv n‡q‡Q| Gi AvIZvq †cÖm KvDwÝj 1993 mv‡j GKwU msev`cÎ, msev` G‡R›U I
mvsevw`K‡`i AvPiY wewa cÖYqb K‡i †hwU 2002 mv‡j ms†kvwaZ nq| G‡Z mvsevw`K I
cÖKvkK‡`i Rb¨ 23wU wbw`©ó AvPiY wewa †`qvi cvkvcvwk mvsevw`K I cÖKvk‡Ki Rb¨
`ywU eva¨Zvg~jK kc_bvgv †`qv n‡q‡Q| AvPiYwewa‡Z msev` msMÖn, msev‡`i mZ¨Zv
hvPvB, cÖKvwkZ msev‡`i cÖwZev` Qvcv‡bv, msev‡`i mv‡_ mvsevw`‡Ki wbR¯^ gZ
cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î KiYxq, Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q msev` Qvcv bv Qvcv BZ¨vw` cÖm‡½ Abymibxq
wKQz bxwZgvjvi D‡j¬L Av‡Q| GK K_vq G¸‡jv‡K myôz mvsevw`KZvi gvb`Û wn‡m‡e wPwýZ
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvsevw`K‡`i G‡µwW‡Ukb bxwZgvjv - Z_¨
gš¿Yvj‡q †cÖm G‡µwW‡Ukb KwgwU bv‡g GKwU KwgwU Av‡Q| wewfbœ msev` gva¨‡g Kg©iZ
mvsevw`K‡`i G‡µwW‡Ukb KvW© †`qv| G‡µwW‡Ukb KvW© cÖvß mvsevw`Kiv cÖK…Z A‡_©B
mvsevw`KZv †ckvq RwoZ Av‡Qb wKbv Rvb‡Z mswk¬÷ msev`c‡Îi cÖKvkbv I Kg©ZrciZvi
†LvuR Lei wb‡Z cv‡ib|[27] †cÖm
KvDwÝj cÖ`Ë mvsevw`KZvi †KvW Ae Gw_Km j•Nb Ki‡j G‡µwW‡Ukb KvW© evwZj nq|[28]
5.2. B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqv Aby‡gv`b I cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ AvBb
wcÖ›U wgwWqvi †¶‡Î †hLv‡b
g~j g‡bv‡hvM _v‡K QvcvLvbv I cÖKvkbv wbqš¿‡Y, B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqvi †K›`ªxq welq
n‡”Q m¤cÖPv‡ii Zi½ eivÏ, m¤cÖPv‡ii Aby‡gv`b, m¤cÖPvi Kvh©µg Z`viK I wbqš¿Y| G
A‡_© B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqvi AvBb g~jZ m¤cÖPvi AvBb| evsjv‡`‡k 1986 mv‡j GKwU RvZxq
m¤cÖPvi KZ©…c¶ Aa¨v‡`k cÖYqb Kiv n‡jI m¤cÖPvi welqK GKwU Avjv`v AvBb cÖbq‡Yi
D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q 2016 mv‡j| Avjv`v AvB‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ
eivÏ I wbqš¿‡Yi g~j `vqfvi GLb †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM AvBb 2001 Gi AvIZvq MwVZ evsjv‡`k
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿Y Kwgkb (wewUAviwm)-i nv‡Z| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î wewUAviwm-i f‚wgKv m¤cÖPvi Zi½ eiv‡Ïi g‡a¨ mxgve×| wewUAviwm-i g~j `vwqZ¡ †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM msµvšÍ nIqvq †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM
AvBb 2001 Gi 2 avivq ¯có Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ eivÏ I
m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ e¨eüZ †Kvb ai‡Yi †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi wbqš¿Y Qvov †eZvi wUwfi
m¤cÖPvi, m¤cÖPv‡ii Aby‡gv`b †`qv ev m¤cÖPvi hš¿cvwZi e¨emvevwYR¨ msµvšÍ †Kvb
wKQz †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM AvB‡bi AvIZvq Avm‡e bv|
Avevi †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM AvBb 2001-G m¤cÖPv‡ii †h msÁv †`qv Av‡Q ZvI
Av‡iKwU RwUjZvi Ršg †`q| G AvB‡bi 2(30) avivq ejv n‡”Q - "Òm¤cÖPviÓ A_©
†eZvi Zi½, K…wÎg DcMÖn, Zvi (cable) ev AcwUK¨vj dvBevi Gi mvnv‡h¨ Ggb evZ©v, Z_¨, ms‡KZ, kã,
cÖwZK…wZ ev eyw×wfwËK Awfe¨w³ †cÖiY hvnv RbmvaviY KZ©…K MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †cÖwiZ, Z‡e
B›Uvi‡bU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †Kvb wKQz †cÖiY‡K m¤cÖPvi ewjqv MY¨ Kiv hvB‡e
bv|" ¯cóZB B‡j±ªwbK MYgva¨‡g m¤cÖPvi m¤cwK©Z AvB‡bi AvIZvq B›Uvi‡b‡U
AbjvBb w÷ªwgs Gi gva¨‡g m¤cÖPvi‡K Avbv nq wb| djZ G RvqMvq G‡m AbjvBb MYgva¨g I
B‡j±ªwbK MYgva¨g Avjv`v n‡q c‡o| wKš‘ mgm¨v n‡”Q, AvRKvjKvi cÖvq me B‡j±ªwbK I
wcÖ›U wgwWqv AbjvBb m¤cÖPv‡iI Dcw¯’Z| G‡¶‡Î wbqš¿Y Av‡iv‡ci Rb¨ 2015 mv‡j GKwU
Avjv`v RvZxq AbjvBb MYgva¨g bxwZgvjv Ges GKwU †iwWI †Uwjwfk‡bi
m¤cÖPvi bxwZgvjvi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q| 2016 mv‡j cÖ¯ÍvweZ n‡q‡Q m¤cÖPvi AvBb| G
cÖm‡½ A‡b‡KB hyw³ w`‡”Qb †h, me ai‡Yi MYgva¨‡gi Rb¨ Avjv`v bxwZ I AvBb bv K‡i,
wcÖ›U, B‡j±ªwbK I AbjvBb MYgva¨g mevi Rb¨ GKK I Awfbœ bxwZ I AvBb cÖYqb Kiv
`iKvi| welqwU Avgiv G Aa¨v‡qi cieZ©x‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kie|
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb KZ©…c¶ AvBb 2001 - G AvB‡bi
Aax‡b GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, GKRb gwnjv mn wZbRb m`m¨ I wewUwfi gnvcwiPvjK‡K wb‡q
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb KZ©…c¶ MwVZ|[29]
KZ©…c¶ evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi Kvh©vejx myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv,[30] Dnvi
Kvh©µg cwiex¶Y I g~j¨vqb Ges m¤c~iK I cÖvmw½K Ab¨vb¨ Kvh© m¤cv`b Ki‡e|[31]
†Uwjwfkb †Uwiw÷ªqvj m¤cÖPvi myweav Aa¨v‡`k 2006 - evsjv‡`‡k
†Uwiw÷ªqvj m¤cÖPv‡ii myweavavix GKgvÎ †emiKvwi †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj GKz‡k wUwfi
m¤cÖPvi eÜ n‡q hvIqvi ci 2006 mv‡j miKvi †Uwjwfkb †Uwiw÷ªqvj m¤cÖPvi myweav
Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i| Aa¨‡`‡k ejv nq, B›Uvib¨vkbvj †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb BDwbqb KZ©…K
†Uwiw÷ªqvj †Uwjwfkb m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †eZvi Zi½ †KejgvÎ wewUwfi Rb¨
wba©vwiZ _vK‡e|[32]
wewUwf Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡b‡ji `L‡j †Uwiw÷ªqvj †Uwjwfkb m¤cÖPv‡ii
hš¿cvwZ ivLvI Aciva e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|[33]
†Kej †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK© cwiPvjbv AvBb 2006 - evwYwR¨K
wfwˇZ †Kej †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK© Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv, Z`viwK I wbqš¿‡Yi j‡¶¨ †Kej
Acv‡iUi‡`i AvBwb `vq`vwqZ¡ wba©viY K‡i 2006 mv‡ji †Kej †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK©
cwiPvjbv AvBb cÖYxZ nq| AvB‡bi cÖ_g K_v n‡”Q, jvB‡mÝ bv wb‡q †Kvb e¨w³ †Kej
wWmwUªweDUi ev †mevcÖ`vbKvix wnmv‡e Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|[34]
†Rjv cÖkvmK ev miKvi wbhy³
†h †Kvb miKvix Kg©KZ©v wWmwUªweDUi Ges †mev`vbKvix‡`i ÒjvB‡mwÝs KZ©…c¶Ó e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡e|[35]
Av‡e`b Kivi ci AvBb wba©vwiZ cÖwµqvq jvB‡mwÝs KZ©…c¶ jvB‡mÝ †`‡e|[36] †h
†gqv` Ges kZ© mv‡c‡¶ jvB‡mÝ †`qv nq, †m †gqv` I kZ© jw•NZ n‡j jvB‡mwÝs KZ©…c¶
†h †Kvb wWmwUªweDUi ev †mevcÖ`vbKvixi jvB‡mÝ mvgwqKfv‡e ¯’wMZ ev evwZj Ki‡Z
cv‡i|[37]
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †mevcÖ`vbKvix‡K evsjv‡`k †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM AvBb, 2001
Ges wd«‡Kv‡qÝx m¤cwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ AvB‡bi Aaxb jvB‡mÝ wb‡Z n‡e|[38]
jvB‡mÝcÖvß †Kvb
wWmwUªweDUi ev †mevcÖ`vbKvix miKvi Aby‡gvw`Z P¨v‡bj ev‡` Ab¨ †Kvb P¨v‡bj
evsjv‡`‡k WvDb wjsK, wecYb, mÂvjb ev m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|[39] †Kvb
wWw÷ªweDUi ev †mev`vbKvix Aby‡gv`b Qvov wbR¯^ †Kvb AbyôvbI (†hgb - wfwWI,
wfwmwW, wWwfwW-i gva¨‡g ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q) wecYb, mÂvjb I m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e
bv|[40]
ZvQvov miKvix Aby‡gv`b I we‡`‡k A_© †cÖi‡Yi miKvix AbygwZ bv †bIqv ch©šÍ we‡`kx
†c-P¨v‡bjI WvDb wjsK, wecYb, mÂvjb ev m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|[41]
miKvi †h mg¯Í we‡`kx †c-P¨v‡b‡ji Aby‡gv`b †`‡e Zvi g~j¨I miKvi wba©viY K‡i
†`‡e|[42]
†Kej †Uwjwfkb cwiPvjbv
AvBb 2006-G †h †Kvb P¨v‡b‡ji m¤cÖPvi eÜ Kivi †¶‡Î miKvi‡K A‡bKUv AevwiZ ¶gZv
†`qv Av‡Q| Aby‡gvw`Z †Kvb P¨v‡b‡ji wecYb, mÂvjb ev m¤cÖPv‡ii mgq hw` miKv‡ii
Kv‡Q cÖZxqgvb nq †h, H P¨v‡b‡j cÖPvwiZ Abyôvb †Kej †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK© cwiPvjbv
AvB‡bi 19 avivq †`Iqv Abyôv‡bi welqwfwËK wb‡`©kbv (†hgb - kvjxbZv, ivóªxq
wbivcËv, gvbnvwb BZ¨vw`) cwicš’x, Zvn‡j miKvi ZvZ¶wYK ev, †¶ÎgZ, hvPvBc~e©K H
P¨v‡b‡ji wecYb, mÂvjb ev m¤cÖPvi mvgwqK ev ¯’vqxfv‡e eÜ K‡i †`Iqvi wb‡`©k w`‡Z
cvi‡e|[43] 20
avivi ¶gZv Av‡iv e¨vcK| miKvi "Rb¯^v‡_©" †h †Kvb mgq †h †Kvb †Kej
†bUIqv‡K©i m¤cÖPvi eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡e| G avivi PP©vq †mbv mgw_©Z ZË¡veavqK miKvi
2007 Gi AvM÷ gv‡m GKw`b 4 NÈvi Rb¨ †Kej †bUIqvK© m¤ciPvi eÜ K‡i †`q|[44]
evsjv‡`k †eZvi KZ©…c¶ AvBb 2001 - GKRb
†Pqvig¨vb, GKRb gwnjvmn 3 (wZb) Rb m`m¨; Ges evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii gnvcwiPvjK‡K wb‡q
evsjv‡`k †eZvi KZ©…c¶ MwVZ|[45]
evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii Kvh©vejx myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv, Dnvi Kvh©µg cwiex¶Y I g~j¨vqb Ges
Ab¨vb¨ m¤c~iK I cÖvmw½K Ab¨vb¨ Kvh© m¤cv`b|[46]
KwgDwbwU †iwWI bxwZgvjv 2008 - 2008
mv‡ji 12-B gvP© miKvi KwgDwbwU †iwWI ¯’vcb, cwiPvjbv I m¤cÖPvi bxwZgvjv cÖYqb
K‡i| G‡Z KwgDwbwU †iwWIi Kvh©µg ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vbxq Dc‡`óv KwgwU MV‡bi
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| bxwZgvjvi 8(1) Aby‡”Q‡` miKvi wbhy³ †Kvb Kg©KZ©v, cÖwZwbwa ev
ms¯’v‡K KwgDwbwU †iwWI‡Z cÖPvwiZ Abyôv‡bi Z`viwK I cÖ‡qvR‡b Abyôv‡bi wmwW Zj‡ei
¶gZv †`qv Av‡Q|
Gd Gg †iwWI bxwZgvjv 2010 - Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq 2010 mv‡ji 8
†deªæqvwi †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvaxb †eZvi‡K›`ª ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv bxwZgvjv 2010 †NvlYv
K‡i| G‡¶‡Î Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq n‡Z †iwWI ¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿Y Kwgkb
n‡Z †iwWI †ókb I BKzBc‡g›U jvB‡mÝ wb‡Z n‡e|[47] 2010
Gi bxwZgvjvq gvwjKvbv, jvB‡mÝ Av‡e`b, jvB‡mÝ bevqb, evwZj ev ¯’wMZ KiY Ges
m¤cÖPv‡ii kZ©¸‡jv †`qv Av‡Q| †emiKvwi †iwWI ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv Z`viwKi Rb¨ 9
m`‡m¨i GKwU RvZxq wbqš¿K KwgwU Kivi K_vI Av‡Q|[48] Gi
†Pqvig¨vb n‡e Z_¨ mwPe Ges evwK 8 RbI miKvi wbhy³| cy‡ivcywi miKvi wbqwš¿Z
nIqvq G Kwgk‡bi ¯^vaxbZvI cÖkœwe×| †eZv‡ii gnvcwiPvj‡Ki †b·Z¡ GKwU gwbUwis
KwgwU Kivi wb‡`©kbv _vK‡jI G‡Z †Kvb m¤cÖPvi we‡klÁ †bB|
5.3. AbjvBb MYgva¨g Aby‡gv`b I cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ AvBb
evsjv‡`‡k Z_¨ cÖhyw³i
e¨vcK weKvk I cÖPj‡bi d‡j eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ avivi wcÖ›U I B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqvi
cvkvcvwk Ab jvBb MYgva¨‡gi we‡ùviY n‡q‡Q| j¶¨bxqfv‡e G gva¨‡g wbhy³ e¨w³,
cÖwZôvb ev ¯^Ë¡v¸‡jvi wbe܇bi ev Z`vi‡Ki Rb¨ we‡klvwqZ †Kvb AvBb GLb ch©šÍ
cÖYxZ nq wb| Z‡e Ab jvBb gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ msev`, Abyôvb ev Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †`Iqvbx ev
†dŠR`vwi `vq m„wó n‡j †mwU wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ `Û wewa-i cvkvcvwk 2006 mv‡ji Z_¨
cÖhyw³ AvBb, 2012 mv‡ji c‡Y©vMÖvwd wbqš¿b AvBb, KwcivBU I †UªWgvK© msµvšÍ
AvBb¸‡jv e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ¯ÍvweZ RvZxq AbjvBb MYgva¨g bxwZgvjv 2015 - G bxwZgvjvi 1.5.1 avivq †`qv AbjvBb MYgva¨‡gi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q evsjv,
Bs‡iwR ev Ab¨ †Kvb fvlvq cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g w¯’i I
Pjgvb wPÎ, aŸwb I †jLv ev gvwëwgwWqvi Ab¨ †Kvb iƒ‡c Dc¯’vwcZ Z_¨-DcvË cÖKvk ev
m¤úªPviKvix e¨w³, ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvb‡K AbjvBb MYgva¨g we‡ePbv Kiv hv‡e| cÖ¯ÍvweZ
bxwZgvjvq ÔRvZxq m¤úªPvi KwgkbÕ Gi Kv‡Q me AbjvBb MYgva¨g‡K wbewÜZ nIqvi kZ©
†`qv Av‡Q| KvMR ev m¤úªPv‡ii Rb¨ wbewÜZ, wWK¬v‡ikb ev jvB‡mÝ cÖvß MYgva¨g‡K
AbjvBb cÖPvi, cÖKvk ev m¤úªPv‡ii Rb¨I Avjv`v K‡i wbewÜZ n‡Z n‡e|[49] miKvi AskxRb‡`i (Stakeholder)
mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i wbeÜb cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU ¯^”Q,
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Db¥y³, ¯^Zš¿ AvBb/ wewagvjv cÖYqb Ki‡e| G‡Z wbeÜb cÖ`vb c×wZ,
†hvM¨Zv I A‡hvM¨Zv, evwZj I AMÖvq‡bi weavb ewY©Z _vK‡e|[50] G m¤úwK©Z AvBb/ wewagvjv
cÖYxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ miKvi Z_v Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq G mKj wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×všÍ MÖnY
Ki‡e| Z‡e h_vkxNªm¤¢e GB `vwqZ¡ Kwgk‡bi Ici b¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e|[51]
Z‡e 2015 mv‡ji cÖ¯ÍvweZ
bxwZgvjvwUi A‡bK¸‡jv weavbB g~jZ wb‡lavÁv myPK ('broadcasting
don'ts') nIqvq G
wb‡q bvbv MYgva¨g e¨w³Z¡ I bvMwiK mgv‡Ri c¶ †_‡K D‡ØM cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|[52]
5.4. weKí MYgva¨g Z_v PjwPÎ wbg©vY, gvb wbqš¿Y I cÖ`k©b
msµvšÍ AvBb
wPË we‡bv`b I mvgvwRK
evZ©v †cŠuQv‡bvi Kvh©Kix gva¨g wn‡m‡e PjwPÎ GKwU mgv`„Z gva¨g| PjwPÎ cÖ`k©bx
nj¸‡jv‡K ivóªxq Z`viwKi AvIZvq Avb‡Z AvBb cÖYxZ nq 1918 mv‡j| c‡i weKí MYgva¨g
wnm‡e PjwP‡Îi Dbœqb I weKvk Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z 1957 mv‡j cÖYxZ nq PjwPÎ Dbœqb
K‡c©v‡ikb AvBb| wbwg©Z PjwP‡Îi gvb wbqš¿Y Ges welqe¯‘ wbix¶‡Yi Rb¨ 1963 mv‡j
cÖYxZ nq PjwPÎ †mÝiwkc AvBb|
PjwPÎ Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb AvBb 1957 - Gi 6
avivq GKwU wbe©vnx KwgwU, GKRb e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK I GKwU cwiPvjK †ev‡W©i mgš^‡q
RvZxq PjwPÎ Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb MwVZ nIqvi K_v ejv Av‡Q| [53]
†evW© Ae wW‡i±im MwVZ n‡e Pvi Rb miKvi wbhy³ Ges AbwaK 3 Rb wbe©vwPZ (PjwP‡Îi
AskxRb‡`i †fv‡U) cwiPvjK wb‡q|[54]
AvB‡bi 24 avivq K‡c©v‡ik‡bi KvR I `vwqZ¡ ewY©Z Av‡Q| g~jZ PjwPÎ wk‡íi Dbœqb I
weKv‡k mnvqZv †`qv, PjwPÎ wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ ÷zwWI ˆZwi I eivÏ †`qv Ges G j‡¶¨ PjwPÎ
wk‡í wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i FY †`qvi e¨e¯’v Kiv[55]
PjwPÎ Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb (GdwWwm)-i KvR|
PjwPÎ †mÝiwkc AvBb 1963 (1972 mv‡j ms‡kvwaZ) - PjwPÎ
wbwi¶Y I Gi MYcÖ`k©‡bi AbygwZ †`qvi Rb¨ GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, †PŠÏ R‡bi AbwaK m`m¨
wb‡q PjwPÎ †mÝi †evW© MwVZ|[56]
wbg©vZv ev cÖ‡hvRK wba©vwiZ di‡g Av‡e`bmn Zvi Qwe Rgv w`‡q †mÝi †ev‡W©i Kv‡Q Gi
MY cÖ`k©‡bi AbygwZ PvB‡eb| †mÝi †evW© wbix¶Y †k‡l G ai‡Yi mb` Bm¨y Ki‡eb|[57] mb`
Bm¨y Ki‡Z AcviMZv cÖKvk Kiv n‡j ms¶z× e¨w³ miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Av‡e`bKvix‡K ïbvwbi my‡hvM w`‡q miKvi Avcxj wb®cwË Ki‡e|[58]
G‡¶‡Î miKv‡ii wm×všÍ P‚ovšÍ|
ZvQvov miKv‡ii P‚ovšÍ
Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡¶ †mÝi †ev‡W©i †Pqvig¨vb A_ev †h †Kvb †Rjvi †Rjv cÖkvmK (H †Rjvi
mxgvi †fZi) †h †Kvb QvocÎ cvIqv PjwP‡Îi cÖ`k©bI wbwl× ev ¯’wMZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G
ai‡Yi wm×všÍ Zvi KviY mn miKv‡ii Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ n‡e| miKvi †mÝi †evW© †Pqvig¨vb ev
†¶Î g‡Z †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki wm×v‡š—i mv‡_ GKgZ n‡Z cv‡ib A_ev wm×všÍ D‡ë w`‡Z cv‡ib|
60 w`‡bi g‡a¨ miKvi †Kvb wm×všÍ bv w`‡j wb‡lavÁv iwnZ n‡q‡Q e‡j aiv n‡e| PjwPÎ
†mÝiwkc AvBb 1963 Gi AvIZvq cieZ©x‡Z PjwPÎ †mÝiwkc wewa 1977 cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b
PjwPÎ Aby‡gv`b, QvocÎ ¯’wMZ BZ¨vw` cÖwµqv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wm‡bgv‡UvMÖvd AvBb 1918 (1982 mv‡ji ms‡kvabx mn) - G AvB‡bi 3 aviv Abymv‡i
jvB‡mÝ bv wb‡q †KD wm‡bgv ev wm‡bgv‡UvMÖvwd cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| wbw`©ó †Rjvi
†WcywU Kwgkbvi H GjvKvi Rb¨ jvB‡mwÝs KZ©…c¶ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡eb|[59]
†WcywU Kwgkbvi jvB‡mÝ †`qvi Av‡M wm‡bgv nj ev cÖ`k©bx ¯’‡j AvMZ `k©K‡`i
wbivcËvi Rb¨ h_vh_ e¨e¯’v †bqv n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv wbwðZ n‡eb|[60] cÖ`k©bKvix
†KejgvÎ PjwPÎ †mÝi †ev‡W©i QvocÎ cÖvß QvqvQwe cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †mÝi †evW©
Aby‡gvw`Z Qwe AweK…Z AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e|[61]
cÖ¯ÍvweZ RvZxq PjwPÎ bxwZgvjv 2017 - 2017
mv‡j cÖ¯ÍvweZ G bxwZgvjvq Pjw”P‡Îi Abymibxq gvb`Û, PjwP‡Î BwZnvm, HwZn¨, I fvlv
ms¯‹…wZ, kvjxbZv I g~j¨‡eva i¶vi wb‡`©kbv BZ¨vw` Avg`vwb-ißvwb, †hŠ_ cÖ‡hvRbvq
Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY, †PŠh© e„wË, †gav ¯^Z¡ I KwcivBU msi¶Y, PjwPÎ welqK RvZxq KwgwU
MV‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
5.5. MYgva¨g mnvqK cÖwZôvb msµvšÍ AvBb
†cÖm KvDwÝj AvBb, 1974 - 1974 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m
G AvBb cvm nq| G AvBb Abyhvqx †cÖm KvDwÝj MwVZ nq 1979 mv‡ji 18 AvM÷| KvDw݇ji
m`m¨ msL¨v c‡bi| mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK c‡` Kg©iZ Av‡Qb wKsev whwb mywcÖg
†Kv‡U©i wePviK wbhy³ nevi †hvM¨Zv iv‡Lb, †Kej wZwbB †cÖm KvDw݇ji †Pqvig¨vb n‡Z
cv‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ Zv‡K g‡bvbqb †`b| Aci 14 R‡bi g‡a¨ wZbRb n‡eb Kg©iZ
mvsevw`K; wZbRb msev` ms¯’vi m¤cv`K; wZbRb
msev`cÎ I msev` ms¯’vi gvwjK ev e¨e¯’vcK; wZbRb n‡eb wk¶v, weÁvb, Kjv,
mvwnZ¨ I AvBb we‡klÁ Ges `yRb n‡eb msm`-m`m¨| Kg©iZ mvsevw`K, m¤cv`K Ges gvwjK
ev e¨e¯’vcK‡K Zv‡`i wbR wbR msMVb g‡bvbqb †`‡e| wZbRb we‡kl‡Ái g‡a¨ GKRb
g‡bvbxZ n‡eb wek¦we`¨vjq gÄzwi Kwgkb Øviv, GKRb evsjv GKv‡Wgx Øviv Ges Ab¨ Rb
evsjv‡`k evi KvDwÝj Øviv| ¯cxKvi `yRb msm`-m`m¨‡K g‡bvbqb †`b|[62] †cÖm
KvDwÝj AvBb 1974 evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖm KvDw݇ji Ici wb‡æv³ 12wU `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i‡Q:
1.
msev`cÎ, msev` ms¯’v ev mvsevw`‡Ki weiæ‡× †KD
bvwjk Ki‡j Zvi wePvi Kiv| Aek¨ ¯^ZtcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡qI KvDwÝj mvsevw`KZvi bxwZf½RwbZ
Ab¨vq Z`šÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z`‡š— †`vlx mve¨¯— n‡j Awfhy³ e¨w³ ev ms¯’v‡K KvDwÝj
wZi¯‹vi, wb›`v ev ûuwkqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|[63]
cÖ‡qvR‡b KvDwÝj Zvi Z`š— wi‡cvU© msev`cÎ, msev` ms¯’v, m¤cv`K ev mvsevw`‡Ki bvg
mn cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib|[64] Aek¨
Av`vj‡Z wePvivaxb †Kvb wel‡q †cÖm KvDwÝj Z`šÍ Ki‡Z ev wm×všÍ w`‡Z cv‡ib bv|[65]
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q msev`cÎ I mvsevw`‡Ki AvBb j•N‡bi GKgvÎ cÖwZKvi †cÖm KvDwÝj
e‡j cÖPwjZ †h aviYvwU †`qv nq †mwUi †Kvb AvBwb wfwË †bB| Z‡e MYgva¨‡gi
¯^vaxbZvi m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P myi¶vi ¯^v‡_© †cÖm KvDw݇ji gva¨‡g Kvh©Ki cÖwZKvi
cvIqv †M‡j wePvi Av`vj‡Z bv hvIqvB Kvg¨|
2.
msev`cÎ Ges msev` cwi‡ekK‡`i ¯^vaxbZv A¶zYè
ivL‡Z mnvqZv Kiv;
3.
D”P †ckvMZ gh©v`vi wbwi‡L msev`cÎ, msev` ms¯’v
Ges mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨ AvPiYwewa ˆZwi Kiv;
4.
msev`c·mex ev mvsevw`Kiv †hb Zv‡`i Kv‡R DuPz
gv‡bi iæwP eRvq iv‡Lb Ges †mB m‡½ Zv‡`i AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ m¤c‡K© m‡PZb _v‡Kb Zv
wbwðZ Kiv;
5.
mvsevw`KZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨
`vwqZ¡‡eva I Rb‡mevi g‡bvfve m„wó‡Z Drmvn †`Iqv;
6.
Rb¯^v_© ev Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev` cwienb I cwi‡ek‡b
hv‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖKvi evav m„wó bv nq, †m e¨vcv‡i j¶¨ ivLv;
7.
msev`cÎ I msev`‡¶‡Îi m‡½ RwoZ †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb
hw` we‡`k †_‡K †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ †bq, Z‡e †m wel‡q j¶¨ ivLv;
8.
RvZxq Ges ˆe‡`wkK msev`cÎ Ges Zv‡`i cÖPvi I
cÖfve m¤c‡K© M‡elYvi e¨e¯’v Kiv;
9.
mvsevw`KZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i wk¶v I cÖwk¶Y
m¤c‡K© M‡elYvi myweav cÖ`vb;
10. †UKwbK¨vj
Ges Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvi e¨e¯’v Kiv;
11. msev`cÎ
I msev` ms¯’v cwiPvjbvq wbhy³ mKj e¨w³i g‡a¨ Kg©iZ †ckvwfwËK †hvMm~Î ¯’vc‡bi
cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv; Ges
12. GmKj
Kv‡Ri mnvqK cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv| [66]
†cÖm KvDwÝj Zvi `vwqZ¡
m¤cv`bKv‡j KwZcq wel‡q †`Iqvwb Av`vj‡Zi ¶gZv I AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| mv¶x‡`i mgb
†`Iqv, KvDw݇j nvwRi Kiv, Revbew›` MÖnY, `wjj Zje Kiv I †m¸wj nvwRi Ki‡Z eva¨
Kiv, Gwd‡Wwf‡Ui gva¨‡g mv¶¨ MÖnY, Awdm-Av`vjZ †_‡K cvewjK †iKW© Zje Kiv, mv¶xi
Revbew›` I `wjj cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ Kwgkb †`Iqv cÖf…wZ wel‡q †cÖm KvDw݇ji AwaKvi
†`Iqvwb Av`vj‡Zi mgvb|[67] Z‡e
†cÖm KvDwÝj †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ, msev` ms¯’v, mvsevw`K ev m¤cv`K‡K Zv‡`i Le‡ii Drm
cÖKv‡k eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|[68] †cÖm
KvDw݇ji KvR‡K "wePvi Kg©" wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|[69] †m
Kvi‡Y †cÖm KvDw݇ji mvg‡b †KD wg_¨v mv¶¨ w`‡j wZwb `Ûbxq Aciv‡a Acivax nb|
wePvi PjvKv‡j KvDwÝj‡K †KD evav cÖ`vb Ki‡j KvDwÝj Zv‡K kvw¯—I w`‡Z cv‡i|
†cÖm KvDw݇ji wm×vš—
P‚ovš—| GB wm×v‡š—i wei“‡× †Kv‡bv Avwcj †bB| G wel‡q Av`vj‡Z †Kv‡bv gvgjvI Kiv
hvq bv|[70] †cÖm
KvDwÝj AvBb miKvi‡K KwZcq wbw`©ó wel‡q wewa (i“j) cÖYq‡bi[71] Ges
KvDwÝj‡K cÖweavb (†i¸‡jkb) cÖYq‡bi[72] ¶gZv
w`‡q‡Q| Gi AvIZvq †cÖm KvDwÝj iæjm 1980 Ges †cÖm KvDwÝj †i¸‡jkb 1980 cÖYxZ
n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’v AwW©b¨vÝ, 1979 - 1972
mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’v (evmm) cÖwZwôZ nq| 1979 mv‡j G wel‡q GKwU
Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi nq (1979 mv‡ji 20 bs Aa¨v‡`k)| Aa¨v‡`‡ki 3 avivq Gi D‡Ïk¨ Kvh©Ki
Kivi Rb¨ msev` ms¯’v cÖwZôv Ges Zvi cÖK…wZ wee„Z n‡q‡Q| 4 avivq wee„Z n‡q‡Q Gi
Kvh©cwimi| 5 avivq ms¯’vi `vwq‡Z¡i weeiY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| †`k Ges we‡`k †_‡K msev`
msMÖn Kiv, msM„nxZ msev` †`‡ki g‡a¨ cÖPvi Ges we‡`‡k †cÖiY m¤c‡K© e¨e¯’v MÖnY
Kiv, AvšÍR©vwZK msev` ms¯’v¸wj †_‡K ivR‰bwZK, K‚U‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, evwYwR¨K,
mvs¯‹…wZK I µxov welqK AvšÍR©vwZK msev` msMÖn Kiv, Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki msev` ms¯’vi
m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki msev` wewbg‡qi e¨e¯’v Kiv, mKj cÖKvi msev` Ges d‡Uv ev wdPvi
evsjv‡`‡ki wfZ‡i ev evB‡i weµ‡qi e¨e¯’v Kiv, AvšÍR©vwZK msev` ms¯’v ev Ab¨
†`‡ki msev` ms¯’vi m‡½ msev` Av`vb-cÖ`vb wel‡q Pzw³ mB Kiv Ges msev` ms¯’vwU‡K
myk„•Lj c×wZi g‡a¨ Avbvi †Póv Kiv evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’vi `vwqZ¡|
7 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, ms¯’vi
Kvh©µg GKwU †evW© KZ©…K cwiPvwjZ n‡e| †ev‡W© _vK‡eb miKvi KZ©…K wb‡qvwRZ
†Pqvig¨vb, GKRb g¨v‡bwRs wW‡i±i, Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq †_‡K GKRb wW‡i±i, A_© gš¿Yvjq †_‡K
GKRb wW‡i±i, WvK gš¿Yvjq †_‡K GKRb wW‡i±i, msev`c‡Îi m¤cv`‡Ki ga¨ †_‡K cvuPRb
wW‡i±i Ges ms¯’vi Kg©Pvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb wW‡i±i| 12 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, ms¯’vi
GKRb g¨v‡bwRs wW‡i±i _vK‡eb| wZwb n‡eb ms¯’vi cÖavb m¤cv`K| Zv‡K miKvi wb‡qvM
Ki‡e| g¨v‡bwRs wW‡i±i ms¯’vi mve©¶wYK Kg©KZ©viƒ‡c KvR Ki‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b `ywU
msev` ms¯’v KvR Ki‡Q| cÖ_gwU n‡”Q evsj‡`k msev` ms¯’v (evmm), wØZxqwU BDbvB‡UW
wbDR Ae evsjv‡`k (BDGbwe)| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb BDGbwe †`‡ki †Kv¤cvwb
AvB‡bi Aaxb| D‡j¬L¨ †h, BwZc~‡e© B÷vb© wbDR G‡RÝx bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v 1970 mvj †_‡K
KvR K‡i AvmwQj| Avwki `k‡Ki †klw`‡K †mwU Aejyß nq| msev` ms¯’v Aa¨v‡`k 5g
ms‡kvabxi iv‡q evwZj nIqvq, 2015 mv‡j GwU‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i msev` ms¯’v AvBb
cÖbq‡bi cÖ¯—ve Av‡m| 7 avivq GK cwieZ©b mv‡c‡¶ Av‡Mi Ae¯’v Pjgvb
ms¯’v MV‡bi †¶‡Î Z_¨, A_©, WvK, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM I AvBwmwU gš¿bvjq n‡Z hyM¥ mwP‡ei
bx‡P bb Ggb 4 Rb, msev`cθ‡jv †_‡K m¤cv`K gh©v`vi bx‡P bb Ggb 4 Rb miKvi g‡bvbxZ
(1 Rb bvix), B‡j±ªwbK MYgva¨‡gi m¤cv`K gh©v`vi bx‡P bb Ggb GKRb (miKvi wbhy³),
cvewjK wek¦ we`vqj‡qi MY†hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZvi GKRb Aa¨vcK, ms¯’vi Kg©KZ©v‡`i
GKRb cÖwZwbwa Ges e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK whwb †ev‡W©i m`m¨ mwPe n‡eb|
cÖ¯—vweZ evsjv‡`k †cÖm BÝwUwUDU AvBb 2015 - cÖ¯—vweZ
AvB‡bi 3 aviv Abyhvqx cÖwZwôZ 17 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU †cÖm BÝwUwUDU evsjv‡`k bv‡g
AwfwnZ n‡e| g~jZ mvsevw`K‡`i †ckvMZ cÖwk¶Y Ges miKvi‡K MYgva¨g welqK AvBb I
bxwZgvjvi Dci civgk© †`qvi Rb¨ †cÖm BÝw÷wUDU MwVZ|
Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb 2009 I Z_¨
Kwgkb - G AvB‡bi weav‡b GKRb cÖavb
Z_¨ Kwgkbvi (wmAvBwm) Ges Ab¨ `yRb Kwgkbvi wb‡qvM Kiv hvq| Gi g‡a¨ AšÍZ GKRb
gwnjv n‡eb| wmAvBwm Kwgk‡bi cÖavb wbe©vnx n‡eb| wmAvBwm I Ab¨ `yRb Kwgkbvi
ivóªcwZ wb‡qvM Ki‡eb| Z‡e G msµvš— evQvB KwgwUi mycvwik we‡ePbv K‡i ivóªcwZ G
wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| Z‡e evQvB KwgwU cÖwZ c‡`i Rb¨ `yRb e¨w³‡K g‡bvbqb cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb| mswk−ó evQvB KwgwUi mfvcwZ n‡eb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wePvicwZ KZ©…K g‡bvbxZ
mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Avcxj wefv‡Mi GKRb wePvicwZ| KwgwUi Ab¨ Pvi Rb m`m¨ n‡eb gwš¿cwil`
mwPe, miKvwi I we‡ivax `‡ji `yRb mvsm` hw` msm` Kvh©Ki _v‡K, m¤cv`K nIqvi †hvM¨
GKRb mvsevw`K Ges wgwWqvi mv‡_ m¤c„³ GKRb wewkó bvMwiK|
Kwgk‡b wbhyw³i Rb¨ m‡e©v”P e‡qvmxgv mvZlw∆ eQi| wbhyw³i
†gqv` m‡e©v”P cvuP eQi A_ev mvZlw∆ eQi eqm, hv Av‡M n‡e| wmAvBwm I Ab¨
KwgkbviØq †gqv`v‡š— cybivq wbhyw³ jv‡fi †hvM¨ n‡eb| †Kv‡bv Kg©iZ Kwgkbvi I wmAvBwm c‡` wbhyw³ jv‡fi †hvM¨ n‡eb| AvBb,
wePvi, mvsevw`KZv, wk¶v, weÁvb, cÖhyw³, Z_¨, mgvRKj¨vY, e¨e¯’vcbv ev RbcÖkvm‡b
h‡_ó AwfÁZv I Ávbm¤cbœ e¨vw³‡`i Gme c‡` wb‡qvM w`‡Z n‡e|
G‡`i mswk−ó c` †_‡K Acmvi‡Yi †¶‡Î mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i
wePviK‡`i AcmviY msµvš—— weavb AbymiYxq| Z‡e AvB‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ K‡qKwU †¶‡Î
ivóªcwZ G weavb AbymiY Ki‡Z eva¨ bb| wmAvBwm I Kwgkbvi‡`i c`gh©v`v, cvwikªwgK,
Ab¨vb¨ fvZv myweavw` miKvi wba©viY Ki‡e| Kwgk‡bi Kvh©cwiwa Ges ¶gZv AvB‡b
wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ`Ë Kvh©vewj wb®cwËi †¶‡Î Kwgkb †h‡Kvb e¨w³‡K nvwRi n‡Z
eva¨ Kivmn †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev `wjj msMÖn Ki‡Z ¶gZvevb|
Kwgk‡bi wbR¯^ Znwej MVb Kivi `ywU Drm n‡jv miKvwi Aby`vb
Ges miKv‡ii AbygwZ mv‡c‡¶ Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Aby`vb| Kwgk‡bi Avw_©K ¯^vaxbZvI i‡q‡Q|
ev‡R‡U wba©vwiZ Lv‡Zi A_© miKv‡ii c~e©vbygwZ e¨wZ‡i‡K e¨q Ki‡Z Kwgkb ¶gZvevb|
mKj e¨q K¤c‡Uªvjvi Ges AwWUi †Rbv‡ij KZ©…K wbix¶v‡hvM¨| Kwgk‡bi Avw_©K ¯^vaxbZv
†Kvbfv‡e K¤c‡Uªvjvi Ges AwWUi †Rbv‡i‡ji AwaKvi ¶zbœ Ki‡e bv| AvB‡bi †Kv‡bv aviv
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb fsM Ki‡j Zvi Dci Rwigvbvg~jK kvw¯Í †`qv n‡e|
6. wcÖ›U, B‡j±ªwbK I AbjvBb MYgva¨‡gi Rb¨ GKK AvBwb
KvVv‡gvi mÜv‡b
wcÖ›U wgwWqvi Rb¨ eûj cwiwPZ †cÖm KvDwÝj Gi cvkvcvwk 2001 mv‡j
iwnZ n‡q hvIqv RvZxq m¤cÖPvi KZ©…c¶ Aa¨v‡`k 1986-i 3 avivq GKwU RvZxq m¤cÖPvi
KZ©…c¶ MVb Kiv n‡qwQj|[73] RvZxq
m¤cÖPvi KZ©…c¶ Aa¨v‡`‡ki 5 avivq KZ©…c¶‡K †eZvi I †Uwjwfkb wbqš¿Y, e¨e¯’vcbv I
Dbœqb, G †¶‡Î miKvix bxwZgvjvi ev¯Íevqb, †eZvi wUwfi Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ cwiKíbv
cÖYqb, Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevqb, †eZvi wUwfi †gwkbvwiR µq, we‡`wk m¤cÖPvi ms¯’vi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM I Pzw³ m¤cv`b, mswk−ó cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwk¶b BZ¨vw`i e¨e¯’v Kivi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq|[74] †h‡nZz
AvBbwU 1988 mv‡ji (hLb evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvwi †Uwjwfkb cÖwZwôZ nq wb) †m‡nZz a‡i
†bqv †h‡Z cv‡i G Aa¨v‡`kwU †emiKvwi wUwf P¨v‡bj¸ji †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| 2001 mv‡ji
†eZvi KZ©…c¶ AvB‡bi 21(1) aviv Abymv‡i eZ©gv‡b RvZxq m¤cÖPvi KZ©…c¶ Aa¨v‡`k
1986 iwnZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j, m¤cÖPvi Z`viwKi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i mgwš^Z †Kvb KZ©…c¶ †bB|
eZ©gv‡b †Uwjwfkb, †eZvi Ges †emiKvwi †Kej †bUIqv‡K©i m¤cÖPvi
Z`viwKi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v AvBb I KZ©…c¶ Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †Uwjwfk‡bi Rb¨ 2001 mv‡ji
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb KZ©…c¶ AvBb, †eZv‡ii Rb¨ evsjv‡`k †eZvi KZ©…c¶ AvBb 2001,
†emiKvwi †Kej †Uwjwfk‡bi Rb¨ †Kej †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK© cwiPvjbv AvBb 2006 Av‡Q| G
AvB‡b †Rjv cÖkvmK †Kej †bUIqvK© cwiPvjbv I †mev `vbKvix‡`i jvB‡mÝ †`b I
†bUIqv‡K© m¤cÖPvi wbqš¿Y K‡ib| wKš‘ †emiKvwi †Uwjwfkb¸‡jvi Dci mivmwi †Kvb
wbqš¿Y †Rjv cÖkvmK‡`i †bB| Ab¨w`‡K KwgDwbwU †iwWI ¯’vcb, m¤cÖPvi I cwiPvjbv
bxwZgvjv 2008 (2016 mv‡j †mwUi ms‡kva‡bi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q), †emiKvwi Gd Gg
†iwWI ¯’vcb, m¤cÖPvi I cwiPvjbv bxwZgvjv 2010I Av‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K AbjvBb wgwWqvi Rb¨
G ch©šÍ †Kvb AvBb evsjv‡`‡k cÖYxZ bv nIqvi †cÖw¶‡Z RvZxq AbjvBb MYgva¨g
bxwZgvjv 2015 cÖ¯ÍvweZ n‡q‡Q| 2015 mv‡ji cÖ¯ÍvweZ bxwZgvjvi †cÖw¶‡Z 2016 mv‡ji m¤cÖPvi AvBb cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ¯ÍvweZ m¤cÖPvi AvBb 2016 - cÖ¯ÍvweZ G AvB‡b GKwU m¤cÖPvi Kwgkb MwVZ n‡e †hwU GKRb
bvix m`m¨ mn 7 m`m¨ wewkó Kwgkb n‡e|[75] Kwgk‡bi
GLwZqvi n‡e †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †eZvi, B›Uvi‡bU wUwf ev †iwWI mn †h †Kvb m¤cÖPvi
gva¨g I m¤cÖPvi hš¿cvwZi Rb¨ jvB‡m‡Ýi Av‡e`b we‡ePbv, mycvwik Ges miKv‡ii
Aby‡gv`bµ‡g Zv Bmy¨ Kiv|[76]| G‡¶‡Î
m¤cÖPvi jvB‡mÝ I AbjvBb MYgva¨g wbeÜb Ges m¤cÖPvi hš¿cvwZi jvB‡mÝ †`qvi GKK
KZ©…Z¡ Kwgk‡bi nv‡Z _vK‡e|[77] RvZxq
m¤cÖPvi bxwZgvjv, AbjvBb MYgva¨g bxwZgvjv,
wb‡`©wkKv I †KvW Ae Bw_Km †g‡b Pjv n‡”Q wKbv Zv bRi`vwi Kiv[78] Ges
m¤cÖPvwiZ †Kvb Kb‡U›U ev welqe¯‘ m¤c‡K© Awf‡hvM †c‡j Zv wePvi wb®cwË KivI
Kwgk‡bi GLwZqvi n‡e|[79] AvBb,
wewa, cÖweavb ev bxwZgvjv j•Nb K‡i m¤cÖPvi cwiPvwjZ n‡j cÖkvmwbK I AvBbMZ
e¨e¯’v †bqv,[80]
jvB‡mÝavix m¤cÖPviKvix‡`i g‡a¨ we‡iva wb®cwË Kiv[81] Ges
2006 mv‡ji †Kej †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK©
cwiPvjbv AvB‡bi AvIZvq miKv‡ii Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb KivI Kwgk‡bi GLwZqv‡i
co‡e|[82]
cÖ¯—vweZ AvB‡bi 19 I 20
avivq cÖvq meai‡bi †eZvi wUwf I B›Uvi‡bU m¤cÖPvi‡K Kwgk‡bi jvB‡mÝ I Z`viwKi
AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| AvB‡bi 21-25 avivq jvB‡m‡Ýi kZ©, n¯ÍvšÍi, bevqb, kZ©
cwieZ©b, jvB‡mÝ evwZj, bevqb I ¯’wMZ Ki‡Yi KviY, kZ©, cÖwµqv Ges Gi weiæ‡×
jvB‡mÝavixi cÖvc¨ cÖwZKvi Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| AvB‡bi 27 avivq Kwgk‡bi wePvwiK ¶gZv
wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kwgkb jvB‡mÝavix cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡×, `yB ev ZZwaK m¤cÖPvi
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvKvixi g‡a¨, cwiPvjbv cÖwZôvb I Gi †fv³vi g‡a¨, m¤cÖPvi cÖwZôvb I
Gi K‡›U›U mieivnKvixi g‡a¨ we‡iva ev wb¯cwË Ki‡e| Kwgk‡bi mKj †iv‡q`v` ev
wb‡`©k mvwjk AvBb 2001 Abyhvqx ejer Kiv hv‡e| 28 aviv Abyhvqx m¤cÖPvi Kwgk‡bi
wm×v‡š—i weiæ‡× wm×vš— †`qvi 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M Avcxj
Kiv hv‡e|
Kwgk‡bi jvB‡mÝ I Aby‡gv`b Qvov †h †Kvb ai‡bi m¤cÖPvi Aciva e‡j Mb¨
n‡e Ges Acivax 7 eQi Kviv`Û ev AbwaK 5 †KvwU UvKv Rwigvbv ev Dfq `‡Û `wÛZ n‡eb|
Aciva Pvjy _vK‡j cÖwZwU Pjgvb w`‡bi Rb¨ AbwaK 1 j¶ UvKv Rwigvbv Kiv hv‡e|[83] GQvov G
AvB‡bi Ab¨ †Kvb weavb, wewa ev cÖweav‡bi j•Nb Ki‡j m‡e©v”P 3 eQi Kviv`Û
ev ev AbwaK 5 †KvwU UvKv Rwigvbv ev Dfq `‡Û `wÛZ n‡eb| Aciva Pvjy _vK‡j cÖwZwU Pjgvb
w`‡bi Rb¨ AbwaK 1 j¶ UvKv Rwigvbv Kiv hv‡e|[84] G
AvB‡bi Aciva¸‡jv A-Avgj †hvM¨ I Rvwgb‡hvM¨ n‡e|[85]|
Kwgk‡bi AbygwZ Qvov Av`vjZ G Aciva¸‡jv wePviv‡_© †b‡eb bv|[86]
†g‡UªvcwjUb GjvKvq †g‡UªvcwjUb g¨vwR‡÷ªU Ges Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvq cÖ_g †kªYxi wePvwiK
g¨vwR‡÷ªU Aciva wePv‡ii Rb¨ Avg‡j †b‡eb|[87]
7. Dcmsnvi
MYgva¨g we‡klÁiv `vex
Ki‡Qb, m¤cÖPvi bxwZgvjv, AbjvBb MYgva¨g bxwZgvjv, msev`cÎ bxwZgvjv Ges Pjw”PÎ
bxwZgvjv bv‡g Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡qKwU bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Kivi †P‡q meai‡bi MYgva¨‡gi
Rb¨ GKwU Awfbœ bxwZgvjv _vKv mgxPxb|[88]
cÖ¯ÍvweZ m¤cÖPvi AvBb 2016 G‡¶‡Î GKwU bZzb gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
AvBbwU ms‡kvab K‡i MYgva¨g I m¤cÖPvi AvBb wn‡m‡e bvgKiY mn Gi AvIZvq wcÖ›U,
B‡j±ªwbK I AbjvBb MYgva¨‡gi mevB‡K wb‡q Avmvi c‡¶ †Rviv‡jv gZ i‡q‡Q| cÖ¯ÍvweZ
m¤cÖPvi Kwgk‡bi bvg MYgva¨g I m¤cÖPvi Kwgkb ivLv n‡j Ges wcÖ›U, B‡j±ªwbK I
AbjvBb MYgva¨‡gi mevB‡K ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ, GKK I Awfbœ cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq
Avbv n‡j MYgva¨g AvBb MYgva¨g Kg©x, mvaviY gvbyl I AvBb A½‡b †h A¯cóZv i‡q‡Q Zv
wb‡q me m‡›`n I weåvwšÍi Aemvb NU‡e|
* mnKvix
Aa¨vcK, AvBb wefvM, PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq|
[2] †`Lyb - MvRx kvgmyi ingvb, Laws relating to Press in Bangladesh ,
1g ms¯‹iY, `¨ †cÖm KvDwÝj, evsjv‡`k, 1985 c„ôv 16-56, Avey bv‡mi †gvnv¤§`
MvRxDj nK, Mass Media Laws
and regulations in Bangladesh
[3] “Indecent”
includes whatsoever may amount to any incentive to sensuality and excitement of
impure thoughts in the mind of an ordinary man of normal temperament, and has
the tendency to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral
influence, and which is deemed to be detrimental to public morals and
calculated to produce pernicious effect, in depraving and debauching the minds
of persons (Akvjxb weÁvcb wb‡iva AvBb 1963, 2(L) aviv)
[4] G.Gg.Gg kIKZ Avjx, Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb, evsjv wcwWqv, I‡qe wVKvbvt http://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Z_¨-AwaKvi-AvBb&oldid=9122'| Z_¨ AwaKvi
AvBb 2009, aviv 7|
[7]
cÖv¸³, aviv 63(2)
[9] M
Jashim Ali Chowdhury, Contempt of Court: In Search of a Law, The Chittagong University
[12] gvngy`yj
Bmjvg, Constitutional Law
of Bangladesh, wØZxq ms¯‹iY, gwj¬K eªv`vm©, XvKv
2003, c„ôv 657
[16] cÖv¸³, c¨viv 20
[19] cÖv¸³, c¨viv 20
[28] cÖv¸³, aviv 9(3)
[31] cÖv¸³, aviv 8
[33] cÖv¸³, aviv 4
[35] cÖv¸³, aviv 2(16)
[39] cÖv¸³, aviv 3(1)
[40] cÖv¸³, aviv 3(2)
[41] cÖv¸³, aviv 3(4)
[44] Gm Gg kvwgg †iRv
I †gvnv¤§` mvBdzj Avjg †PŠayix, RvZxq
m¤cÖPvi bxwZgvjvt GKwU KvjvbyµwgK mgx¶v I D‡`¨v‡Mi g~j¨vqb, mvgvwRK weÁvb
cwÎKv [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq ÷vwWR, cvU©- wW, LÛ 4, msL¨v 4, †cŠl 1416, c„ôv 97-104, 101
[46] cÖv¸³, aviv 8
[51] cÖv¸³, aviv 2.1.5
[52] Meer
Ahsan Habib,
The limitations of ICT and Cyber Security Acts, Copy this linkt http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/the-limitations-ict-and-cyber-security-acts-118033
[54] cÖv¸³, aviv 7
[55] cÖv¸³, aviv 24(2)
[57] cÖv¸³, aviv
4(1)-(3)
[58] cÖv¸³, aviv 4L
[60] cÖv¸³, aviv 5(1)
[61] cÖv¸³, aviv 5(2)
[63] cÖv¸³, aviv 12(1)
[64] cÖv¸³, aviv 12(2)
[65] cÖv¸³, aviv 12(3)
[66] cÖv¸³, aviv 11
[67] cÖv¸³, aviv 13(1)
[68] cÖv¸³, aviv 13(2)
[69] cÖv¸³, aviv 13(3)
[70] cÖv¸³, aviv 12(4)
[71] cÖv¸³, aviv 23
[72] cÖv¸³, aviv 24
[73] RvZxq m¤cÖPvi KZ©…c¶ Aa¨v‡`k 1986, aviv 3(1)
[74] cÖv¸³, aviv 5(1)
[75] cÖ¯ÍvweZ m¤cÖPvi AvBb 2016, aviv 4
[76] cÖv¸³, aviv 12(O)
[77] cÖv¸³, aviv 18
[78] cÖv¸³, aviv 12(T)
[79] cÖv¸³, aviv 12(U)
[80] cÖv¸³, aviv 12V
[81] cÖv¸³, aviv 12 (W)
[82] cÖv¸³, aviv 12a
[83] cÖv¸³, aviv 29(1)
[84] cÖv¸³, aviv 29(2)
[85] cÖv¸³, aviv 30(1)
[86] cÖv¸³, aviv 30(1)
[87] cÖv¸³, aviv 30(2)
[88] †gv¯Ídv ReŸvi, MY
gva¨g bxwZgvjv AvBb I Kwgkb, AbjvBbt http://www.bhorerkagoj.net/print-edition/2016/05/08/87655.php
.jpg)
No comments:
Post a Comment